The DOI matches its Crossref record; 149 of the 149 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 122 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder
Open accessAbstract
Fatigue is a common complaint in the community and medical care settings. Different studies show a high comorbidity between fatigue and depressive disorder. Furthermore, fatigue is an important somatic symptom of depressive disorder and one of the main depressive presentations in primary-care medicine. Fatigue shows a slow response to antidepressant treatment and psychotherapy. Improved work performance is strongly correlated to improvement in energy. However, the assessment and treatment of fatigue in depressive disorder remains understudied. Different definitions of fatigue in depressive disorder are applied in DSM-IV and ICD-10, and depression rating scales all show a different coverage of this core depressive symptom, thereby hampering scientific research. Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and histamine mediate symptoms of fatigue in depressive disorder. Although few data address the effect of antidepressants or augmentation strategies on fatigue-related symptoms, there is a pharmacological rationale for using antidepressant monotherapies, such as venlafaxine, bupropion, sertraline, fluoxetine, or augmentation of first-line treatment with stimulants or modafinil.
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Claims the paper makes
78 Not checked yet · 10 No basis given · 7 Own interpretation
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Fatigue is a common complaint in the community and medical care settings.”
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in the community and medical settings · plain
“It is a common complaint in the community and in primary-care settings.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Walker et al., 1993
- Not checked yetcites Kroenke and Price, 1993
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in the community and medical settings · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Fatigue shows a slow response to antidepressant treatment and psychotherapy.”
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD 99 · plain
“Fatigue abates less frequently and more slowly than other depressive symptoms.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Opdyke et al., 1996/1997
- Not checked yetcites Barkham et al., 1996
- Not checked yetcites Kopta et al., 1994
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD 99 · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Different studies show a high comorbidity between fatigue and depressive disorder.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Addington et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites Kroenke and Price, 1993
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The higher prevalence of current major depression [odds ratio (OR) 14.7 for men, 6.3 for women] persisted even when fatigue was excluded as a criterion for the diagnosis of depression.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in the community and medical settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Walker et al., 1993
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and histamine mediate symptoms of fatigue in depressive disorder.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stahl et al., 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Fatigue in major depressive disorder is mediated by malfunctioning neuronal circuits that are distinct from those mediating sadness or depressed mood.
In the paper
“Improved work performance is strongly correlated to improvement in energy.”
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD 95 · boosted
“Improved work performance was more strongly correlated to improvement in energy than to a decrease in the depressive symptoms.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Swindle et al., 2001
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD 95 · boosted
In the paper
“In a pan-European survey of depression in the community (Tylee et al., 1999) tiredness (73 % prevalence) was identified as one of the most commonly experienced symptoms during a depressive episode.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tylee et al., 1999
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Sleep disturbance (98 %), loss of energy (93 %) and appetite disturbance (86 %) were most common in MDE.”
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD · plain
“Again, loss of energy was identified as a core depressive symptom.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buchwald and Rudick-Davis, 1993
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD · plain
In the paper
“Fatigue was one of the symptoms that had a slower response.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 95
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Opdyke et al., 1996/1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moos and Cronkite (1999) identified severe loss of energy/fatigue/tiredness, when present at intake, as a risk factor of a chronic course in a naturalistic study of unipolar depressed patients over a 10-yr period.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moos and Cronkite, 1999
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Besides being a symptom of the index episode, fatigue is also prevalent in the prodromal and residual phase of major depression.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 95
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fava et al., 1990
- Not checked yetcites Nierenberg et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Opdyke et al., 1996/1997
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although few data address the effect of antidepressants or augmentation strategies on fatigue-related symptoms, there is a pharmacological rationale for using antidepressant monotherapies, such as venlafaxine, bupropion, sertraline, fluoxetine, or augmentation of first-line treatment with stimulants or modafinil.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stahl et al., 2003
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Different definitions of fatigue in depressive disorder are applied in DSM-IV and ICD-10”
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD · plain
“The different wordings of 'fatigue ' in DSM-IV and ICD-10 reflect its complexity and heterogeneity.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites APA, 1994
- Not checked yetcites WHO, 1992
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD · plain
In the paper
“General medical service users were less likely to report dysphoria (OR 0.49) and worthless/sinful/guilty (OR 0.55) after holding constant the level of depression, but were more likely to report fatigue (OR 1.82).”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Suh and Gallo, 1997
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Walker et al. (1993) found a 6.0 % prevalence of current medically unexplained fatigue in the community.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in the community and medical settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Walker et al., 1993
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Of all depressive symptoms (as measured by the BDI), fatigue showed the least clinically significant change.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 95
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barkham et al., 1996
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A retrospective analysis of seven double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of fluoxetine in depression demonstrated that fluoxetine caused significant reductions in the HDRS retardation factor [item 1 (depressed mood), item 7 (work and activities), item 8 (retardation), item 14 (genital symptoms)] compared to placebo (Judge et al., 2000).”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Treating fatigue in depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Judge et al., 2000
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Brain areas regulating motor functioning such as striatum and cerebellum are reasonable candidates for mediating physical fatigue and lack of energy that arises from the body.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue and the neurobiology of depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Geyer et al., 1976
- Not checked yetcites Jones and Robbins, 1992
- Not checked yetcites Waterhouse et al., 1983
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This neuropharmacological profile is distinct from that of antidepressants and stimulants (Engber et al., 1998).It predicts potential actions in relieving not only sleepiness, but also fatigue and executive dysfunction in MDD.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Modafinil
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Engber et al., 1998
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Reduced neuronal activities in the prefrontal cortex, especially in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, might explain the symptom of mental fatigue in depression (MacHale et al., 2000).”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue and the neurobiology of depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacHale et al., 2000
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, this hypothesis may be a better theory for explaining the neurobiology of antidepressants than for explaining the neurobiology of the depressive symptoms”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue and the neurobiology of depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Delgado, 2000
- Not checked yetcites Delgado et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Miller et al., 1996
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On the other hand, diffuse cortical projections of several key neurotransmitters, especially NE, DA, acetylcholine and histamine, may all regulate the symptom of mental fatigue at the cortical level”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue and the neurobiology of depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brown et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites Dringenberg and Vanderwolf, 1998
- Not checked yetcites Stahl, 2002a
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Malfunctioning of monoamine pathways has been difficult to document in depression, but the antidepressant actions of currently available drugs (i.e.their ability to reduce or eliminate depressive symptoms) are definitely linked to boosting neurotransmission in monoamine pathways (Delgado, 2000).”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue and the neurobiology of depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Delgado, 2000
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Functional neuroimaging studies have recently associated sadness and depressed mood with abnormal neuronal activation in the medial prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue and the neurobiology of depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davidson et al., 2002
- Not checked yetcites Drevets, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Mayberg et al., 1999
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Preliminary studies do suggest that modafinil can relieve residual symptoms of sleepiness and fatigue following treatment with a variety of antidepressants in MDD”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Modafinil
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DeBattista et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites Markovitz and Wagner, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Menza et al., 2000
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Positive results from a small, placebo-controlled trial of dexamphetamine in chronic fatigue syndrome also suggest that psychostimulants may restore energy in MDD (Olson et al., 2003).”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Stimulants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Olson et al., 2003
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similarly, Kopta et al. (1994) demonstrated that the ED 50 (effective dose of psychotherapy for 50 % of patients to show clinically significant change) was 17 sessions for feeling no interest and for lack of energy”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 95
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kopta et al., 1994
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A larger placebocontrolled study of psychostimulants to treat fatigue in patients with HIV also demonstrated significant reductions of fatigue symptoms with stimulants compared to placebo (Breitbart et al., 2001).”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Stimulants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Breitbart et al., 2001
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a small 8-wk, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of dextroamphetamine for fatigue and depression in men with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), significantly more patients achieved improvement in both fatigue and mood symptoms when treated with dextroamphetine as opposed to placebo (Wagner and Rabkin, 2000).”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Stimulants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wagner and Rabkin, 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Bupropion d | NE | Blockade of NE transporter | Cerebellum, spinal cord, frontal cortex |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cooper et al. (1994)
- Not checked yetcites Stahl (2000)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| | DA | Blockade of NE transporter | Frontal cortex |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bolden-Watson and Richelson (1993)
- Not checked yetcites Bymaster et al. (2002a)
- Not checked yetcites Muth et al. (1986)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and histaminergic neurotransmission and symptoms of tiredness, low energy, and mental fatigue.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | Cortex diffuse | Dopamine |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Mental fatigue | Cortex diffuse | Norepinephrine |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| | DA | Blockade of DA transporter | Caudate nucleus |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stahl (2000)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| | DA | Blockade of DA transporter | Caudate nucleus |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cooper et al. (1994)
- Not checked yetcites Stahl (2000)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| | | Stimulation of NE release | Frontal cortex |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stahl (2000)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although the biological basis of fatigue related to depression has not been fully established, research data demonstrate an association between deficient noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and histaminergic neurotransmission and symptoms of tiredness, low energy, and mental fatigue.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stahl et al., 2003
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| | | Blockade of NE transporter | Frontal cortex |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stahl (2000)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | Cortex diffuse | Serotonin |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| | | Blockade of NE transporter | Frontal cortex |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cooper et al. (1994)
- Not checked yetcites Stahl (2000)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| | | Blockade of DA transporter* | Caudate nucleus |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bolden-Watson and Richelson (1993)
- Not checked yetcites Bymaster et al. (2002a)
- Not checked yetcites Muth et al. (1986)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Psychomotor | Cerebellum | Norepinephrine |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| | | Stimulation of NE release | Cerebellum, spinal cord, frontal cortex |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stahl (2000)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | Caudate nucleus Dopamine | |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| | DA | 5-HT 2C antagonism | Caudate nucleus, frontal cortex |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stahl (1998a, b)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | Spinal cord | Serotonin |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Fluoxetine a | NE | 5-HT 2C antagonism | Cerebellum, spinal cord, frontal cortex |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stahl (1998a, b)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Sertraline b | DA | Blockade of DA transporter | Caudate nucleus |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bolden-Watson and Richelson (1993)
- Not checked yetcites Bymaster et al. (2002a)
- Not checked yetcites Muth et al. (1986)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Its prominent place is not limited to the acute phase but concerns the whole life-cycle of depressive disorder, fatigue being a prominent prodromal and residual symptom.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fava et al., 1990
- Not checked yetcites Nierenberg et al., 1999
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Modafinil f | HA | Unknown mechanism | Hypothalamus, frontal cortex |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites De Saint Hilaire et al. (2001)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, augmentation of first-line treatment with stimulants or modafinil may also provide relief from fatigue symptoms.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Physical tiredness | Spinal cord | Norepinephrine |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| Stimulants e | NE | Blockade of NE transporter | Cerebellum, spinal cord, frontal cortex |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stahl (2000)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| | Cortex diffuse | Histamine |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Fatigue is actually the symptom most strongly associated with impaired work and social functioning.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Swindle et al., 2001
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“| | | Stimulation of DA release | Caudate nucleus, frontal cortex |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stahl (2000)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Venlafaxine c | NE | Blockade of NE transporter | Cerebellum, spinal cord, frontal cortex |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bolden-Watson and Richelson (1993)
- Not checked yetcites Bymaster et al. (2002a)
- Not checked yetcites Muth et al. (1986)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| retardation | Striatum | Serotonin |”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These include several antidepressant monotherapies, such as venlafaxine, bupropion, sertraline, and fluoxetine.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stahl (1998a, b)
- Not checked yetcites Bolden-Watson and Richelson (1993)
- Not checked yetcites Cooper et al. (1994)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pharmacological agents that target enhancement of NE, DA, and/or histamine may, therefore, be the optimal first-line treatment for depressed patients with prominent fatigue.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, fatigue is an important somatic symptom of depressive disorder and one of the main depressive presentations in primary-care medicine.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“depression rating scales all show a different coverage of this core depressive symptom, thereby hampering scientific research.”
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD · plain
“The HDRS, BDI-II and MADRS not only differ in their coverage/wordings of fatigue but also in their perspective of observer”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hamilton, 1960
- Not checked yetcites Beck et al., 1996
- Not checked yetcites Montgomery and Åsberg, 1979
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD · plain
In the paper
“Baseline depression was predictive of both recurrent/ chronic fatigue (reporting fatigue in their lifetime at baseline and again sometime during the follow-up interval) and incident fatigue (reporting fatigue occurring for the first time during the follow-up interval).”
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in the community and medical settings · plain
“Participants with recurrent/chronic fatigue had a 28-fold greater risk of developing major depression than those without fatigue.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in the community and medical settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Addington et al., 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in the community and medical settings · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day is the A6 criterion -and not a core symptom -in the DSM-IV diagnosis of MDE.”
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD · plain
“However, in the definition of depressive episode according to ICD-10 (WHO, 1992), reduced energy is described as a core feature besides depressed mood and loss of interest and enjoyment.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites APA, 1994
- Not checked yetcites WHO, 1992
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD · plain
In the paper
“More than 80 % of full responders had one or more residual symptoms of MDD: fatigue (38.8 % prevalence) being one of the three most common symptoms.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 95
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nierenberg et al., 1999
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Maurice-Tison et al. (1998) found fatigue/loss of energy to be the most common depressive symptom (38.2 % prevalence) in general practice patients.”
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD · plain
“In the depressed subsample fatigue was prevalent in 93.6 % of cases.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Maurice-Tison et al., 1998
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the assessment and treatment of fatigue in depressive disorder remains understudied.”
- Also stated in: § Treating fatigue in depression · plain
“There are few data for any antidepressant that specifically address the effects on fatigue-related symptoms.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Treating fatigue in depression · plain
In the paper
“In a factor analysis of depressive symptoms (measured by different observer-rating and self-rating scales), the authors identified a factor 'lack of energy' which was mainly composed of self-rated items.”
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD · hedged
“These results suggest different concepts of self-rated vs. observer-rated fatigue in major depression”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gullion and Rush, 1998
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD · hedged
In the paper
“Kroenke and Price (1993) found a 13.8 % lifetime prevalence of fatigue, classified as medically unexplained or potentially due to psychiatric illness.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in the community and medical settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kroenke and Price, 1993
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At baseline, similar findings were made as in the study by Kroenke and Price (1993) : 14.0 % of individuals reporting unexplained fatigue for 2 wk or more in their lifetimes, with an 11-fold greater risk of a lifetime diagnosis of major depression compared to non-fatigued participants.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in the community and medical settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Addington et al., 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The HDRS, BDI-II and MADRS not only differ in their coverage/wordings of fatigue but also in their perspective of observer (HDRS and MADRS being observer-rating scales, BDI-II being a self-rating scale).”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hamilton, 1960
- Not checked yetcites Beck et al., 1996
- Not checked yetcites Montgomery and Åsberg, 1979
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a primarycare study by Cathe ´bras et al. (1992), 13.6 % of patients presented with a complaint of fatigue; in approximately half of the cases fatigue was their major reason for consultation.”
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in the community and medical settings · plain
“The rate of current major depression was 17.2 % for fatigue patients vs. 8.8 % for non-fatigue patients.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in the community and medical settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cathebras et al., 1992
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in the community and medical settings · plain
In the paper
“At baseline, tiredness/low energy was the most common depressive symptom reported by 91.3 % of patients.”
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD 95 · plain
“Among different components of depressive symptoms, an energy factor was most strongly related to social functioning, absenteeism and work productivity, at baseline and at 3-month follow-up.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 95
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Swindle et al., 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD 95 · plain
In the paper
“Subjects with current fatigue had a significantly higher lifetime and current prevalence of major depression, dysthymia, panic disorder and somatization disorder.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in the community and medical settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Walker et al., 1993
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A discriminant function analysis using the energy measures as predictors was significant and provided a correct classification of 93 % of the participants.”
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD · plain
“When compared with psychosocial variables like negative cognitions and stressors, energy level proved to more effective in classifying depressed individuals.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Christensen and Duncan, 1995
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD · plain
In the paper
“The prevalence ranged between 3.7 % (fatigue as a diagnosis), 7.6 % (fatigue as presenting complaint) and 31.3 % (symptom of fatigue/loss of energy during the preceding 2 wk).”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in the community and medical settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fuhrer and Wessely, 1995
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CNS stimulants not only block NE and DA reuptake but also increase the release of these two neurotransmitters by interfering with the transport of these agents into synaptic vesicles (Tanda et al., 1997;Xu et al., 2000).”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Stimulants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tanda et al., 1997
- Not checked yetcites Xu et al., 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, CNS stimulants can not only increase the release of DA and NE in the cortex, but also in subcortical limbic areas such as nucleus accumbens, which is responsible for the significant abuse potential of these drugs”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Stimulants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Everitt and Wolf, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Worsley et al., 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fatigue appears to be a core depressive symptom and”
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD 99 · plain
“is classified as such in the ICD-10.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites WHO, 1992
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Fatigue in MDD 99 · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Bupropion may be effective in improving energy and fatigue (Bodkin et al., 1997), as well as executive function (Bodkin et al., 1997;Moron et al., 2002).”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > NE reuptake inhibitors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bodkin et al., 1997
- Not checked yetcites Moron et al., 2002
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The classical theory to explain depression is the ' monoamine hypothesis ' which proposes that depression is related to a deficit of monoamines, particularly norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT), at critical synapses (Schildkraut, 1965).”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue and the neurobiology of depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schildkraut, 1965
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Modafinil also relieves sleepiness and fatigue in patients with myotonic dystrophy (Damian et al., 2001;MacDonald et al., 2002) and in patients with multiple sclerosis (Krupp et al., 1989), suggesting an action to reduce fatigue mediated by a common pathway that may be malfunctioning in a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders in addition to MDD.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Modafinil
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Damian et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites MacDonald et al., 2002
- Not checked yetcites Krupp et al., 1989
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a double-blind, 6-wk study of patients partially responsive to antidepressant treatment, modafinil augmentation significantly improved fatigue and sleepiness scores at weeks 1 and 2 respectively, compared to placebo (DeBattista et al., 2003).Differences at week 6 were not significant.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Modafinil
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DeBattista et al., 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A novel hypothesis is that DA depletion in the nucleus accumbens reduces the likelihood that animals will exert effort to obtain natural stimuli such as food, suggesting that DA depletion in this area may be related to reduced motivation, psychomotor retardation, or both (Salamone et al., 2003).”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue and the neurobiology of depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Salamone et al., 2003
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, the pharmacological profiles of venlafaxine, bupropion, fluoxetine, and sertraline suggest that, of the first-line antidepressants, these agents may be most likely to relieve symptoms of fatigue in depression, but this has never been adequately studied.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Treating fatigue in depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stahl et al., 2003
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This drug selectively activates orexin-containing and histaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus, and releases histamine in the hypothalamus (Ishizuka et al., 2003) as well as DA and NE in the cortex (Bymaster et al., 2002a;De Saint Hilaire et al., 2001;Li et al., 1998, Zhang et al., 2000) but not notably in the nucleus accumbens (Ferraro et al., 1997).”
- Also stated in: § Modafinil · plain
“It also releases 5-HT in the cortex (Ferraro et al., 2000(Ferraro et al., , 2002)).”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Modafinil
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ishizuka et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Bymaster et al., 2002a
- Not checked yetcites Ferraro et al., 1997
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Modafinil · plain
In the paper
“Despite the importance of fatigue, its neurobiological basis may be the least understood and least emphasized of all the symptoms associated with a MDE (Tylee et al., 1993).”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue and the neurobiology of depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tylee et al., 1993
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, its importance is not reflected in the DSM-IV description of MDE.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites APA, 1994
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No studies have been found to examine the role of CNS stimulants as a drug treatment for executive dysfunction in depression, but given their known actions in attention deficit disorder, a positive effect upon residual symptoms of cognitive dysfunction in MDD could be expected.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Stimulants
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among the first-line antidepressant monotherapies, agents that increase NE, DA, or both, particularly in pathways associated with physical and mental fatigue, may be preferable for patients with prominent fatigue and lack of energy”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Treating fatigue in depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stahl et al., 2003
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This may explain observations that antidepressants are often more effective for sadness and depressed mood than they are for fatigue, which is one of the most common residual symptoms in patients who respond but do not remit with antidepressant treatment”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue and the neurobiology of depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Menza et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Nierenberg et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Paykel, 2002
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fatigue is a frequent presenting symptom of MDD.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rapid relief from fatigue symptoms is, therefore, essential to achieving remission.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unclear coverage of fatigue in different depression rating scales and ill-defined measurement further add to this confusion and may hamper future research.”
§ The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder > Fatigue in MDD 99
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Fatigue in major depressive disorder is mediated by malfunctioning neuronal circuits that are distinct from those mediating sadness or depressed mood.
“Thus, the symptom of fatigue is hypothetically mediated by entirely different malfunctioning neuronal circuits than those that mediate sadness or depressed mood in MDD (Stahl et al., 2003).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Monoamine input is not necessarily deficient before antidepressant treatment.
“Monoamine input is not necessarily deficient prior to treatment with an antidepressant.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The neuronal circuits mediating different depressive symptoms all receive innervation from monoamine neurons, so boosting one or two monoamines can reduce multiple symptoms.
“However, antidepressants that boost just one or two monoamines could reduce a whole portfolio of symptoms, since the circuits mediating those symptoms may all receive innervation from monoamine neurons.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Fatigue is a prevalent presenting symptom of major depressive disorder (Demyttenaere et al., 2005).”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Demyttenaere et al., 2005
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817
Krupp, L. B. (1989) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1989.00520460115022 · Cited by 6,172
THE CATECHOLAMINE HYPOTHESIS OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS: A REVIEW OF SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
Schildkraut, J. J. (1965) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.122.5.509 · Cited by 3,568
Millan, M. J. (2002) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(02)00009-6 · Cited by 3,035
Bonica, J. J., Melzack, R., & Wall, P. D. (1999) · Cited by 2,537
Berridge, C. W., & Waterhouse, B. D. (2003) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(03)00143-7 · Cited by 2,529
Mayberg, H. S., Liotti, M., Brannan, S. K., McGinnis, S., Mahurin, R. K., Jerabek, P. A., Silva, J. A., Tekell, J. L., Martin, C. C., Lancaster, J. L., et al. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.5.675 · Cited by 2,416
Neurocircuitry of Mood Disorders
Price, J. L., & Drevets, W. C. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.104 · Cited by 1,606
Ostwald, P. F. (1960) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1960.14.4.817 · Cited by 1,422
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Delgado PL (2000). Depression: the case for a monoamine deficiency. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 61, 7-11.
- Hamilton M (1967). The development of a scale for primary depressive illness. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 6, 278-296.
- Mason P, Wilkinson G (1996). The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity. British Journal of Psychiatry 168, 1-3.
- Ni YG, Miledi R (1997). Blockage of 5HT2C serotonin receptors by fluoxetine (Prozac). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94, 2036-2040.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The mysterious motivational functions of mesolimbic dopamine
Salamone, J. D., & Correa, M. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.021 · Cited by 1,418
Effort-related functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine and associated forebrain circuits
Salamone, J. D., Correa, M., Farrar, A., & Mingote, S. M. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0668-9 · Cited by 1,000
Millan, M. J. (2006) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.11.006 · Cited by 569
A multifaceted investigation of the link between mental fatigue and task disengagement
Hopstaken, J. F., van der Linden, D., Bakker, A. B., & Kompier, M. A. J. (2014) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12339 · Cited by 503
The Medical Management of Depression
Mann, J. J. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra050730 · Cited by 431
Metadata
- Authors
- Demyttenaere, K., De Fruyt, J., & Stahl, S. M.
- Affiliations
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Demyttenaere, Koen
- Venue
- The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2005-03
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 93-105
- ISSN
- 1461-1457 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-5111
- OpenAlex
- W2150840378
- Semantic Scholar
- 184f1dccd433c12c0129520c511707f28fc1e785
- Cited by
- 288
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Abbott Laboratories
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- Les Laboratories Pierre Fabre
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
- Keywords
- fatigue, major depressive disorder, somatic symptoms, antidepressant response, psychotherapy, employee performance, energy, DSM-IV, ICD-10, depression rating scales, serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine, antidepressant augmentation, modafinil, stimulants, venlafaxine, bupropion, sertraline, fluoxetine
- MeSH terms
- Central Nervous System Stimulants, Antidepressive Agents, Major Depressive Disorder, Fatigue, Humans, Primary Health Care, Psychophysiologic Disorders, Comorbidity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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