Cited by 110Neuroendocrine regulation and behaviorAnimal Behavior and Welfare StudiesReproductive Physiology in Livestock

Maternal behaviour and lamb survival: from neuroendocrinology to practical application

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Dwyer, C.M.·2014·Animal

Abstract

Parental care promotes offspring survival and, for livestock species, this care is provided solely by the mother. Maternal behaviour in the sheep has been exceptionally well-studied compared with other species and many of the underpinning biological processes leading to the expression of maternal care are known. In this review the current state of play with regard to the biology of maternal care will be reviewed, and its application to provide practical solutions to reduce lamb mortality considered. For maternal care to be elicited at birth the ewe requires elevated circulating oestradiol in late gestation, which stimulates the expression of oxytocin receptors in both peripheral and central areas (particularly the hypothalamic and limbic areas of the brain). At birth stretching of the vaginocervical canal elicits a spinal reflex which triggers the release of oxytocin primarily from neurones within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Oxytocin release causes an increase in the neurotransmitters noradrenaline, acetylcholine, glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the olfactory bulb, and other brain regions important for maternal behaviour. Finally, sensory cues provided by the lamb, in particular the amniotic fluids surrounding it, lead to the expression of maternal behaviours (licking, low-pitched bleats, acceptance of the lamb at the udder and suckling). This allows the expression of the two facets of maternal behaviour in the ewe: nurturance of the young and maternal selectivity, whereby a specific olfactory memory for the ewes own lamb is formed and the expression of maternal care is restricted to this lamb. Variation in the expression of maternal care has been demonstrated in primiparous ewes compared with multiparous, in different sheep genotypes, with undernutrition, stress in pregnancy, following a difficult delivery, and may occur with variation in ewe temperament. An understanding of the importance of the timing of various events in late pregnancy and during parturition, as well as the factors that can disrupt these events, can help to design management activities to minimise risks to the successful onset of maternal behaviour. Management practices that work with the biology of the ewe will be the most successful in ensuring that maternal care is expressed, so improving the welfare of the ewe and lamb, and the profitability of the farm.

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Crossref · 10.1017/s1751731113001614

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  • Discrimination between olfactory cues from offspring versus alien lambs is facilitated by oxytocin within the olfactory bulb, increasing the release of noradrenaline, acetylcholine, and glutamate.

    “Discrimination between olfactory cues from offspring versus alien lambs is facilitated by OT within the olfactory bulb, increasing the release of noradrenaline (NA), acetylcholine (ACh), and glutamate [28].”

    From The Neurobiology of Love and Pair Bonding from Human and Animal Perspectives (2023) · cites this paper as [28]

    In “The neurobiological basis for maternal behaviour” (page unavailable), the paper links learning a ewe’s own lamb’s scent with elevated brain oxytocin and changes in olfactory-bulb neurotransmitters; it also reports increases in noradrenaline, acetylcholine and glutamate around parturition. It does not establish that oxytocin facilitates discrimination between own and alien lambs through those increases; “Future research areas” says the functional significance of the neurotransmitter changes for maternal selectivity remains unknown. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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1 of the 115 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Cloete JJE, Cloete SWP and Hoffman LC 2010. Behaviour of Merino ewes divergently selected for multiple rearing ability in response to human beings. Proceedings of the 9th World Congress on Genetics applied to Livestock Production. Retrieved July 2013 from http://www.kongressband.de/wcgalp2010/assets/pdf/ 0703.pdf
  2. Dwyer CM 2008b. Genetic and physiological effects on maternal behavior and lamb survival. Journal of Animal Science 86, E246-E258.
  3. Keverne EB and Kendrick KM 1992. Oxytocin facilitation of maternal behaviour in sheep. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 652, 83-101.
  4. Lent PC 1974. Mother-infant relationships in ungulates. In The behaviour of ungulates and its relationship to management, IUCN Publication No. 24 (ed. V Geist and F Walther), pp. 14-55. International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Morges, Switzerland.
  5. Rooke JA, Houdijk JGM, McIlvaney KM, Ashworth CJ and Dwyer CM 2010. Differential effects of maternal nutrient restriction between days one and ninety of pregnancy on ewe and lamb performance and lamb parasitism of ewes in hill and lowland breeds. Journal of Animal Science 88, 3833-3842.
  6. Szyf M, Weaver ICG, Cervoni N, D'Alessio AC, Champagne FA and Meaney MJ 2003. Transgenerational epigenomic imprinting by maternal behavior through DNA methylation and its reversal by histone deacetylase inhibitors. American Journal of Medical Genetics 122B, 13.

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Authors
Dwyer, C. M.
Affiliations
Scotland's Rural College (GB)
Corresponding author
Dwyer, C.M.
Venue
Animal
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2014
Volume
8
Issue
1
Pages
102-112
ISSN
1751-7311 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2002477858
Cited by
110
References
115
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8
FWCI
6.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • animal (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Scottish Government
  • Scotland’s Rural College
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
  • Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Reproductive Physiology in Livestock
Keywords
maternal behavior, lamb survival, sheep, maternal care, oxytocin, estradiol, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, olfactory memory, amniotic fluid, primiparous ewes, lamb mortality, childbirth, pregnancy stress, ewe nutrition
MeSH terms
Animals, Animal Husbandry, Estradiol, Female, Maternal Behavior, Neuroendocrinology, Pregnancy, Selection, Genetic, Sheep, Receptors, Oxytocin, Neurotransmitter Agents

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