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The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review
Open accessAbstract
Concerns about the environmental effect and the economic burden of methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants are driving the search for ways to mitigate rumen methanogenesis. The use of direct-fed microbials (DFM) is one possible option to decrease CH4 emission from ruminants. Direct-fed microbials are already used in ruminants mainly to increase productivity and to improve health, and are readily accepted by producers and consumers alike. However, studies on the use of DFM as rumen CH4 mitigants are scarce. A few studies using Saccharomyces cerevisiae have shown a CH4-decreasing effect but, to date, there has not been a systematic exploration of DFM as modulators of rumen methanogenesis. In this review, we explored biochemical pathways competing with methanogenesis that, potentially, could be modulated by the use of DFM. Pathways involving the redirection of H2 away from methanogenesis and pathways producing less H2 during feed fermentation are the preferred options. Propionate formation is an example of the latter option that in addition to decrease CH4 formation increases the retention of energy from the diet. Homoacetogenesis is a pathway using H2 to produce acetate, however up to now no acetogen has been shown to efficiently compete with methanogens in the rumen. Nitrate and sulphate reduction are pathways competing with methanogenesis, but the availability of these substances in the rumen is limited. Although there were studies using nitrate and sulphate as chemical additives, use of DFM for improving these processes and decrease the accumulation of toxic metabolites needs to be explored more. There are some other pathways such as methanotrophy and capnophily or modes of action such as inhibition of methanogens that theoretically could be provided by DFM and affect methanogenesis. We conclude that DFM is a promising alternative for rumen methane mitigation that should be further explored for their practical usage.
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“Feeding live microorganisms to ruminants is not a novel concept and extensive work has been published on the use of “direct-fed microbials” (DFM; Martin and Nisbet, 1992; Jeyanathan et al., 2014).”
From Addressing global ruminant agricultural challenges through understanding the rumen microbiome: past, present, and future (2018) · cites this paper as Jeyanathan et al., 2014
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“flavefaciens are mainly succinate, which could be used for propionate production in the rumen [52, 55].”
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“…methane emissions (SMD = − 0.36; 95% CI − 0.62 to − 0.11; p = 0.005), and consortia favoring reductive acetogenesis/propionate production showed a larger reduction (SMD = − 0.71; 95% CI − 1.04 to − 0.36; p = 0.001); longer supplementation durations further strengthened these reductions [170].”
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“In fact, propionate and butyrate production is a pathway for hydrogen utilization and hydrogen is a major precursor to methane production (Jeyanathan et al., 2014).”
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“The development of Propionibacterium strains as direct-fed microbials could offer an effective means of increasing ruminal propionate production and reducing enteric methane (CH4) emissions from cattle fed forage-based diets (Jeyanathan et al. 2014).”
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“Volatile fatty acid is an indicator of rumen fermentation and is the main source of energy for ruminants (Casper et al. 1990) and their proportion depends on the diet given to the animal (Jeyanathan et al. 2014).”
BackgroundPhytochemical composition and cytotoxicity of ethanolic extracts of some selected plants
Abd’quadri-Abojukoro, A. N., Nkadimeng, S. M., McGaw, L. J., & Nsahlai, I. V. (2022) · Journal of Applied Animal Research · doi:10.1080/09712119.2022.2119979 · Cited by 21
“…mitigation approaches that have been reported are; the use of ionophores (Callaway et al. 2003), oils (Nur Atikah et al. 2018), direct-fed microbials (Jeyanathan et al. 2014), halogenated agents (Denman et al. 2015), propionate enhancers (Newbold et al. 2005) and defaunation (Newbold et al., 2015).”
BackgroundLatham, E. A., Pinchak, W. E., Trachsel, J., Allen, H. K., Callaway, T. R., Nisbet, D. J., & Anderson, R. C. (2018) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.116 · Cited by 21
Ncho, C. M., Kim, S.-H., Rang, S. A., & Lee, S. S. (2024) · animal · doi:10.1016/j.animal.2024.101180 · Cited by 24
Jeong, J., Yu, C., Kang, R., Kim, M., & Park, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1422474 · Cited by 24
Effects of Bacillus subtilis on in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production
Sarmikasoglou, E., Sumadong, P., Dagaew, G., Johnson, M. L., Vinyard, J. R., Salas-Solís, G. K., Siregar, M. U., & Faciola, A. P. (2024) · Translational Animal Science · doi:10.1093/tas/txae054 · Cited by 22
“Feed additives, such as direct-fed microbials (DFM), 3-nitrooxypropanol, red seaweed, enzymes, and ionophores, (Hook et al., 2010; Hristov et al., 2013; Jeyanathan et al., 2014; Roque et al., 2021) have shown promising results.”
Shen, J., Li, Z., Yu, Z., & Zhu, W. (2020) · Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40104-020-00499-2 · Cited by 18
Pittaluga, A. M., Yang, F., Gaffney, J., Embree, M. M., & Relling, A. E. (2023) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skac308 · Cited by 18
Liu, Z., Wang, K., Zhao, Y., Nan, X., Yang, L., Zhou, M., Tang, X., & Xiong, B. (2023) · Animal Research and One Health · doi:10.1002/aro2.27 · Cited by 18
Welty, C. M., Wenner, B. A., Wagner, B. K., Roman-Garcia, Y., Plank, J., Meller, R. A., Gehman, A. M., & Firkins, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2018-15826 · Cited by 20
Gupta, S., Mohini, M., Malla, B. A., Mondal, G., & Pandita, S. (2019) · Tropical Animal Health and Production · doi:10.1007/s11250-018-1766-5 · Cited by 17
Abdelbagi, M., Ridwan, R., Fidriyanto, R., Rohmatussolihat, Nahrowi, & Jayanegara, A. (2021) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/788/1/012050 · Cited by 17
Genetic and metabolic engineering of Methanococcus spp
Li, J., Akinyemi, T. S., Shao, N., Chen, C., Dong, X., Liu, Y., & Whitman, W. B. (2022) · Current Research in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.crbiot.2022.11.002 · Cited by 17
Hua, D., Zhao, Y., Nan, X., Xue, F., Wang, Y., Jiang, L., & Xiong, B. (2020) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.14873 · Cited by 20
Identification of 146 Metagenome-assembled Genomes from the Rumen Microbiome of Cattle in Japan
Sato, Y., Takebe, H., Oishi, K., Yasuda, J., Kumagai, H., Hirooka, H., & Yoshida, T. (2022) · Microbes and Environments · doi:10.1264/jsme2.me22039 · Cited by 16
“Rumen propionate is produced via the succinate and acrylate pathways (Jeyanathan et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDirekvandi, E., Mohammadabadi, T., & Salem, A. Z. M. (2021) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.14990 · Cited by 15
“Hydrogen (H2) is an important substrate for CH4 production and propionate production is considered as a route for its utilization (Jeyanathan et al. 2014).”
BackgroundLean, I. J., & Moate, P. J. (2021) · Australian Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/avj.13072 · Cited by 15
Zhu, C., Zhao, Y., Yang, F., Zhang, Q., Zhao, X., Yang, Z., Dao, X., & Laghi, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1374911 · Cited by 15
Nawab, A., Liu, W., LI, G., Ibtisham, F., FOX, D. P., Yi, Z., WO, J., Xiao, M., NAWAB, Y., & An, L. (2019) · Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society · doi:10.12681/jhvms.19600 · Cited by 13
Ji, H., Chen, L.-L., Ma, Y., Degen, A. A., Yuan, Z., Chen, H., & Zhou, J. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12101967 · Cited by 13
“In conclusion, the Tibetan sheep adapted to stall feeding by altering the rumen bacterial community and blood parameters, enhancing rumen fermentation and increasing their average daily gain when compared with traditional grazing management.”
BackgroundGarnsworthy, P. C., Saunders, N., Goodman, J. R., Algherair, I., & Ambrose, D. J. (2024) · animal · doi:10.1016/j.animal.2024.101379 · Cited by 12
Cidrini, I. A., Granja-Salcedo, Y. T., Prados, L. F., Kishi, L. T., Siqueira, G. R., & de Resende, F. D. (2022) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115269 · Cited by 10
Li, Z., Wang, M., Usman, S., Khan, A., Zhang, Y., Li, F., Bai, J., Chen, M., Zhang, Y., & Guo, X. (2023) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.12765 · Cited by 11
Frazier, A., Beck, M. R., Waldrip, H. M., & Koziel, J. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1503315 · Cited by 11
INRAE, F., Morgavi, D., Popova, M., INRAE, F., Yáñez-Ruíz, D. R., CSIC, S., Forano, É., & INRAE, F. (2020) · Burleigh Dodds series in agricultural science · doi:10.19103/as.2020.0067.02 · Cited by 10
“Early-life strategies for improving health and production (case studies) Feeding live microorganisms to ruminants is not a novel concept and extensive work has been published on the use of direct-fed microbials (DFM) (Martin and Nisbet, 1992, Jeyanathan et al., 2014).”
BackgroundShao, P., Sha, Y., Liu, X., He, Y., Wang, F., Hu, J., Wang, J., Li, S., Chen, X., Yang, W., et al. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14050788 · Cited by 10
“It has been shown that Sr can produce propionic acid using substances such as acetic acid and glycerol as substrates [24].”
BackgroundWilliams, S. R. O., Jacobs, J. L., Chandra, S., Soust, M., Russo, V. M., Douglas, M. L., & Alvarez-Hess, P. S. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13061018 · Cited by 9
“However, there is also a report of Lactobacillus having no effect on milk yield or FCE of primiparous dairy cows [2].”
BackgroundMethane Emission from Enteric Fermentation: Methanogenesis and Fermentation
Buccioni, A., Cappucci, A., & Mele, M. L. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2265-1_11 · Cited by 11
“Regarding the alternative metabolic pathways for H2 sink, some rumen microorganism may compete with methanogens bacteria for the use of H2 (Jeyanathan et al. 2013).”
BackgroundLi, S., Sun, Y., Cao, S., Guo, T., Tong, X., Zhang, Z., Sun, J., Yang, Y., Wang, Q., Li, D., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1586456 · Cited by 8
Roman-Garcia, Y., Wenner, B. A., Welty, C. M., Wagner, B. K., Plank, J., Meller, R. A., Waits, S. J., Gehman, A. M., & Firkins, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2018-15274 · Cited by 8
Scope of Microbial Feed Additives in Ruminant Nutrition
Varada, V. V., & Kumar, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0794-2_2 · Cited by 7
Luo, J., Jiang, J., Duan, H., Zhang, H., Sun, M., Mao, S., & Shen, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1441431 · Cited by 7
Emerging applications of postbiotics to sustainable livestock production systems
Otto, J. R., Mwangi, F. W., Pewan, S. B., Holman, B. W. B., & Malau‐Aduli, A. E. O. (2025) · Australian Journal of Agricultural Veterinary and Animal Sciences (AJAVAS) · doi:10.64902/ajavas.2025.100002 · Cited by 9
Glucogenic and lipogenic diets affect in vitro ruminal microbiota and metabolites differently
Hua, D., Hendriks, W. H., Zhao, Y., Xue, F., Wang, Y., Jiang, L., Xiong, B., & Pellikaan, W. F. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.1039217 · Cited by 8
“The fiber degradation in the rumen is mainly attributed to the ruminal cellulolytic bacteria (Jeyanathan et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialSutaryo, S., Adiwinarti, R., Ward, A., KURIHARA, M., & Purnomoadi, A. (2019) · Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research · doi:10.5455/javar.2019.f364 · Cited by 7
“Therefore, among other animals, ruminants are the main methane producers since the rumen is very large and has a continuous fermentation system [2].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Jeyanathan, J., Martin, C., & Morgavi, D. P.
- Affiliations
- VetAgro Sup (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Jeyanathan, J.
- Venue
- animal
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 250-261
- ISSN
- 1751-7311 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2147106437
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 16.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- animal (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Danone
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
- Keywords
- direct-fed microbials, ruminant methane emissions, rumen methanogenesis, methane mitigation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, hydrogen scavenging, homoacetogenesis, nitrate reduction, sulfate reduction, methanotrophy, methanogen inhibition, feed fermentation, energy retention
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacteria, Digestion, Methane, Models, Biological, Propionates, Ruminants, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Succinic Acid, Probiotics, Biosynthetic Pathways, Global Warming
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