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Chemical Analysis of Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Challenges, Advanced Methods, and Perspectives
Open accessAbstract
Microplastics and nanoplastics have become emerging particulate anthropogenic pollutants and rapidly turned into a field of growing scientific and public interest. These tiny plastic particles are found in the environment all around the globe as well as in drinking water and food, raising concerns about their impacts on the environment and human health. To adequately address these issues, reliable information on the ambient concentrations of microplastics and nanoplastics is needed. However, micro- and nanoplastic particles are extremely complex and diverse in terms of their size, shape, density, polymer type, surface properties, etc. While the particle concentrations in different media can vary by up to 10 orders of magnitude, analysis of such complex samples may resemble searching for a needle in a haystack. This highlights the critical importance of appropriate methods for the chemical identification, quantification, and characterization of microplastics and nanoplastics. The present article reviews advanced methods for the representative mass-based and particle-based analysis of microplastics, with a focus on the sensitivity and lower-size limit for detection. The advantages and limitations of the methods, and their complementarity for the comprehensive characterization of microplastics are discussed. A special attention is paid to the approaches for reliable analysis of nanoplastics. Finally, an outlook for establishing harmonized and standardized methods to analyze these challenging contaminants is presented, and perspectives within and beyond this research field are discussed.
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“However, there remains a fundamental knowledge gap in nanoplastics because of the lack of effective analytical techniques.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ivleva, N. P.
- Affiliations
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Ivleva, Natalia P.
- ORCID
- Ivleva, Natalia P.
- Venue
- Chemical Reviews
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2021-08-26
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 11886-11936
- ISSN
- 0009-2665 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6890
- OpenAlex
- W3196228331
- Cited by
- 1,172
- References
- 372
- Citations by year
- 2026: 333 · 2025: 316 · 2024: 245 · 2023: 177 · 2022: 92 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 6.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Chemical Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium f??r Bildung und Forschung (02WPL1443A, 03F0851B)
- Bayerische Forschungsstiftung (AZ-1258-16)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies
- Keywords
- microplastics, nanoplastics, compound identification, quantification, detection sensitivity, detection limit, polymer characterization, environmental pollutants, food contamination, drinking water contamination, analytical method standardization
- MeSH terms
- Microplastics, Environmental Pollutants, Humans, Plastics, Polymers, Water Pollutants, Chemical
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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