Global and regional evaluation of energy for water
Open accessAbstract
Despite significant effort to quantify the interdependence of the water and energy sectors, global requirements of energy for water (E4W) are still poorly understood, which may result in biases in projections and consequently in water and energy management and policy. This study estimates water-related energy consumption by water source, sector, and process for 14 global regions from 1973 to 2012. Globally, E4W amounted to 10.2 EJ of primary energy consumption in 2010, accounting for 1.7%-2.7% of total global primary energy consumption, of which 58% pertains to fresh surface water, 30% to fresh groundwater, and 12% to nonfresh water, assuming median energy intensity levels. The sectoral E4W allocation includes municipal (45%), industrial (30%), and agricultural (25%), and main process-level contributions are from source/conveyance (39%), water purification (27%), water distribution (12%), and wastewater treatment (18%). While the United States was the largest E4W consumer from the 1970s until the 2000s, the largest consumers at present are the Middle East, India, and China, driven by rapid growth in desalination, groundwater-based irrigation, and industrial and municipal water use, respectively. The improved understanding of global E4W will enable enhanced consistency of both water and energy representations in integrated assessment models.
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- Authors
- Liu, Y., Hejazi, M., Kyle, P., Kim, S. H., Davies, E., Miralles, D. G., Teuling, A. J., He, Y., & Niyogi, D.
- Affiliations
- Joint Global Change Research Institute (US)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Yaling
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2016-08-22
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 9736-9745
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2484752949
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 6.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Office of Science
- U.S. Department of Energy (KP1703030)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water-Energy-Food Nexus Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Ocean Engineering › Water resources management and optimization
- Keywords
- water-energy nexus, global energy consumption, regional energy consumption, desalination, groundwater irrigation, wastewater treatment, water purification, water distribution, municipal water use, industrial water use, agricultural water use, energy intensity, integrated assessment models
- MeSH terms
- Fresh Water, Water, Water Supply, Water Purification, Groundwater
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