Membrane-water partition coefficients to aid risk assessment of perfluoroalkyl anions and alkyl sulfates
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Abstract This study determined the sorption affinity to artificial phospholipid membranes (KMW) for series of perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs), perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs), alkyl sulfates (CxSO4), and 1-alkanesulfonates (CxSO3). A sorbent dilution assay with solid supported lipid membranes (SSLM) showed consistent CF2 unit increments of 0.59, and CH2 unit increments of 0.53, for the log KMW of perfluorinated and hydrogenated anions, respectively. PFSAs sorbed 0.90 log units stronger than analogue PFCAs; CxSO4 sorbed 0.75 log units stronger than analogue CxSO3 anions. The log KMW values for the octyl analogues increase in the order H(CH2)8SO3– (1.74) < H(CH2)8SO4– (2.58) < F(CF2)8CO2– (PFNA, 4.04) < F(CF2)8SO3– (PFOS, 4.88). Intrinsic partition ratios determined on a phospholipid coated HPLC column (IAM-HPLC) closely aligned with SSLM KMW values. COSMO-RS based molecular calculations of KMW aligned with SSLM KMW values for hydrogenated anions with C8–C14 alkyl chains but strongly underestimated CF2 and CH2 unit increments for C4–C8 based anions. Dividing the critical narcotic membrane burden of 100 mmol/kg by the experimental KMW predicts lethal baseline toxicity concentrations (LC50,narc). The LC50,narc coincides with the lowest reported acute LC50 values for several anionic surfactants but were on average about an order of magnitude lower.
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PFAS concentrations escalate in top predators, including polar bears and humans.
“This bioaccumulation is particularly concerning for higher trophic levels, with PFAS concentrations escalating in top predators, including polar bears and humans [85].”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [85]
The Introduction (page unavailable) reports PFAS measurements across biota and describes retention of certain PFAS in humans. It does not report concentrations increasing with trophic level or identify polar bears as an example, so the top-predator claim is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPlotting the calculated bioaccumulation factors against the Kmw data published by Droge (2019) revealed a positive correlation for some pelagic primary producers, while the opposite trend with a decreasing bioaccumulation with increasing Kmw was observed for terrestrial primary producers.
“Plotting the calculated bioaccumulation factors against the Kmw data published by Droge (2019) indeed revealed a positive correlation for some pelagic primary producers, while the opposite trend with a decreasing bio accumulation with increasing Kmw was observed for terrestrial primary producers.”
From Strong bioaccumulation of a wide variety of PFAS in a contaminated terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem (2025) · cites this paper as Droge (2019)
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Effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the liver: Human-relevant mechanisms of toxicity
Maerten, A., Callewaert, E., Sanz-Serrano, J., Devisscher, L., & Vinken, M. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176717 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Cheng, H., Lv, C., Li, J., Wu, D., Zhan, X., Song, Y., Zhao, N., & Jin, H. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158117 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Ohoro, C. R., Amaku, J. F., Conradie, J., Olisah, C., Akpomie, K., Malloum, A., Akpotu, S. O., Adegoke, K. A., Okeke, E., & Omotola, E. (2024) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117040 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Carter, L., Armitage, J. M., Brooks, B. W., Nichols, J. W., & Trapp, S. (2022) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5451 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“…phospholipids), serum albumin, structural proteins, and other biologically relevant phases (Allendorf et al., 2019; Bittermann et al., 2016, 2018; Droge, 2018; Droge et al., 2021; Ebert et al., 2020; Goss et al., 2018; Henneberger & Goss, 2021; Henneberger et al., 2016a, 2016b, 2022; Linden et…”
BackgroundBaumert, B. O., Fischer, F. C., Nielsen, F., Grandjean, P., Bartell, S. M., Stratakis, N., Walker, D. I., Valvi, D., Kohli, R., Inge, T. H., et al. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c02765 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Model-based analysis of the uptake of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from soil into plants
Gredelj, A., Polesel, F., & Trapp, S. (2019) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125534 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Fremlin, K. M., Elliott, J. E., Letcher, R. J., Harner, T., & Gobas, F. A. P. C. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c02361 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“39,47,48 − 49 Thus, to account for the differing sorptive capacities of polar and neutral lipids and albumin and structural proteins, the sorptive capacity of organisms for PFAS can be expressed as where φ NL represents the fraction of neutral or storage lipids in the organism or sample; φ PL is…”
Generic Model for Plant Uptake of Ionizable Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
Trapp, S., Shi, J., & Zeng, L. (2023) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5582 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Alternatively, the liposome–water partition coefficient Klipw has been suggested as a predictor for membrane partitioning of organic compounds (Droge, 2019; Endo et al., 2011) and might replace the log KOW.”
BackgroundRisks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance exposure through marine fish consumption
Qiu, W., Yang, G., Cao, L., Niu, S., Li, Y., Fang, D., Dong, Z., Magnuson, J. T., Schlenk, D., Leung, K., et al. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adr0351 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Strong bioaccumulation of a wide variety of PFAS in a contaminated terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem
Gkika, I. S., Arie Vonk, J., ter Laak, T. L., van Gestel, C. A. M., Dijkstra, J., Groffen, T., Bervoets, L., & Kraak, M. H. S. (2025) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109629 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cholesterol-like Condensing Effect of Perfluoroalkyl Substances on a Phospholipid Bilayer
Shen, Z., Ge, J., Ye, H., Tang, S., & Li, Y. (2020) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c00980 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Yi, S., Morson, N., Edwards, E. A., Yang, D., Liu, R., Zhu, L. Y., & Mabury, S. A. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c05475 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Allendorf, F., Goss, K., & Ulrich, N. (2020) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.4954 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Li, C., Jiang, L., Zhang, D., Qi, Y., Wang, X., Jin, Y., Liu, X., Lin, Y., Luo, J., Xu, L., et al. (2023) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2023.107846 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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Qin, W.-P., Henneberger, L., Glüge, J., König, M., & Escher, B. (2024) · Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c09950 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Log D BSA/w were calculated with IC 10,free from the regression equations listed in Table S6, and log D SP/w were measured at concentrations close to IC 10,nom . log D lip/w were collected from literature 25,31 or predicted from other experimental descriptors (Figure S8, eqs S9 − S11).”
Ryu, S., Burchett, W., Zhang, S., Jia, X., Modaresi, S. M. S., Areiza, J. A., Rodrigues, D., Zhu, H., Sunderland, E. M., Fischer, F. C., et al. (2024) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.4c04050 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Chen, R., Muensterman, D. J., Field, J. A., & Ng, C. A. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.4c06734 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Xu, M., Legradi, J., & Leonards, P. E. G. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163770 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Ruffle, B., Archer, C., Vosnakis, K., Butler, J. D., Davis, C. W., Goldsworthy, B., Parkman, R., & Key, T. A. (2023) · Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management · doi:10.1002/ieam.4776 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“In Australia, surface waters at 55 sites in Queensland were monitored bimonthly for a year (2019 – 2020); biota sampling was also performed at select sites (Baddiley et al., 2020).”
BackgroundFischer, F. C., Thackray, C. P., Ferguson, N., Chicoine, C., Skende, O., Hu, Z., Zhu, Y., Slitt, A., & Sunderland, E. M. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c05473 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Research priorities for the environmental risk assessment of per- and polyfluorinated substances
Gkika, I. S., Xie, G., van Gestel, C. A. M., Ter Laak, T. L., Vonk, J. A., van Wezel, A. P., & Kraak, M. H. S. (2023) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5729 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Due to their surfactant ‐ like properties, PFAS bioaccumulation is less well predicted by traditional indicators like lipophilicity (log octanol / water partition coef fi cient [ K OW ]; Droge, 2019).”
BackgroundGoswami, L., Dikshit, P. K., Prakash, A., Vidanage, P. W., Verma, J. P., & Oh, S. (2025) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138743 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Qin, W., Escher, B. I., Huchthausen, J., Fu, Q., & Henneberger, L. (2024) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c10824 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Experimental values of D lip/w and D oil/w of PFCAs, PFSAs, and FTOHs were from the literature 11,44,46 and are used to develop regression relationships of log D lip/w or log D oil/w against the number of C − F (Figure S10), which were further used to predict the log D lip/w for 6:2 FTSA, FTOSA (eq…”
MethodLi, C.-H., Shi, Y., Li, M., Guo, L., & Cai, Y. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c02386 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Warner, R. M., Sweeney, L. M., Hayhurst, B. A., & Mayo, M. L. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c02942 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“In the literature, zebrafish-relevant reports span a number of diverse adsorption/binding events, from nanoparticles 49,50 to PFAS, 51 − 53 and the data directly support the presence of such events as we observed gross underestimation of system mass at long times for our simple diffusion model.”
Lv, M., Xie, Y., Yu, H. W., Sun, T., Song, L., & Wang, F. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B · doi:10.1080/03601234.2022.2047563 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Higher sorption predicts lower toxicity to organisms.([31]) It is generally believed that the toxicity of long-chain PFASs is greater than that of short-chain homologues.”
BackgroundGolosovskaia, E., Örn, S., Ahrens, L., Chelcea, I., & Andersson, P. L. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168738 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS
Hasan, M., Habib, A., Alam, M., Islam, S., & Halim, E. (2025) · Pollutants · doi:10.3390/pollutants5040043 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“This bioaccumulation is particularly concerning for higher trophic levels, with PFAS concentrations escalating in top predators, including polar bears and humans [85].”
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Gong, Y., Yang, D., Liu, J., Barrett, H., Sun, J., & Peng, H. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c02898 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Labine, L. M., Pereira, E. A. O., Kleywegt, S. M., Jobst, K. J., Simpson, A. J., & Simpson, M. J. (2022) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5517 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…metabolism; glutathione metabolism; and glycine metabolism pathways (Figure 4), most of which were signi fi cantly disrupted with exposure to PFHxA, PFHxS, and PFNA as reported in the present study and observed in other works (Dubitzky et al., 2013; Kanehisa et al., 2016; Liu & Hellebust, 2011).”
Sobolewski, T. N., Trousdale, R. C., Gauvin, C. C., Lawrence, C. M., & Walker, R. A. (2024) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.4c03652 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Estimation of Vapor Pressure of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (Pfas) Using CosmothermPreprint
Zhang, M., & Suuberg, E. M. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130185 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ye, B., Wang, J., Zhou, L., Xia, Y., & Sui, Q. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168974 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Droge, S. T. J., Armitage, J. M., Arnot, J. A., Fitzsimmons, P. N., & Nichols, J. W. (2021) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5189 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The toxicity of surfactants is thought to be due to a baseline (narcotic) mode of action involving disruption of cell membrane function at a critical membrane residue (Bernhard & Dyer, 2005; Bittermann & Goss, 2017; Chen et al., 2014; Droge, 2019).”
Self-citationIn vitro methods for predicting the bioconcentration of xenobiotics in aquatic organisms
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Ribbenstedt, A., Armitage, J. M., Günther, F., Arnot, J. A., Droge, S. T. J., & McLachlan, M. S. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c05543 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Droge, S. T. J., Scherpenisse, P., Arnot, J. A., Armitage, J. M., McLachlan, M. S., von der Ohe, P. C., & Hodges, G. (2021) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/d1em00327e · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationPatterns in Serum Toxicokinetics in Peromyscus Exposed to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
Narizzano, A. M., Bohannon, M., East, A., McDonough, C. A., Choyke, S. J., Higgins, C. P., & Quinn, M. J., Jr. (2021) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5151 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Torralba–Sanchez, T. L., Toro, D. M. D., Dmitrenko, O., Murillo‐Gelvez, J., & Tratnyek, P. G. (2023) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5716 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Observed values from Droge (2019) and Ebert et al. (2020).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialNSO-heterocyclic PAHs – Controlled exposure study reveals high acute aquatic toxicity
Çelik, G., Stolte, S., & Markiewicz, M. (2023) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132428 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Screening ionic liquids for efficiently extracting perfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFACs) from wastewater
Zhang, K., Kujawski, D., Spurrell, C., Wang, B., & Crittenden, J. C. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.025 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Endo, S., & Matsuzawa, S. (2024) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.4c02707 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“28 The log phospholipid membrane/water partition coefficients ( K mem/w ) from Droge et al., 29 consisting of 10 PFAS and 9 nonfluorinated anionic surfactants, correlate well with the log k 0 obtained in this study ( R 2 , 0.92; Figure 4A).”
MethodInfluentialJia, Y., Zhu, Y., Wang, R., Ye, Q., Xu, D., Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Shan, G., & Zhu, L. Y. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130129 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Krop, H. B., de Voogt, P., Eschauzier, C., & Droge, S. T. J. (2020) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/c9em00580c · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment of PFDA toxicity on RTgill-W1 cell line via metabolomics and lipidomics approaches.
Nguyen, T. V., Kumar, A., Taraji, M., & Lloyd, N. D. R. (2025) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107395 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Droge, S. T. J., Hodges, G., Bonnell, M. A., Gutsell, S., Roberts, J. F., Teixeira, A., & Barrett, E. L. (2023) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/d2em00391k · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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“19 Both pp-LFERs and COSMOmic can struggle to model ionic compounds, 34 although COSMOmic can be improved using an additional empirical membrane potential.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialUsuda, H., Mishima, Y., Noda, K., Toyoshima, T., Sakurai, K., Takamura, C., Takahashi, A., Minami, K., & Kawamoto, T. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142818 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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The PFAS roadmap–Navigating a path together to improved management
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PFAS Compounds PFOA and Gen X are Teratogenic to Sea Urchin Embryos
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httk: High-Throughput Toxicokinetics
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DYNAMEX: A Time-Resolved Model for Predicting Distribution of Chemicals in In Vitro Cell Assays
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- Authors
- Droge, S. T. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Droge, Steven T. J.
- ORCID
- Droge, Steven T. J.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2018-12-20
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 760-770
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2906548889
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 3.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Unilever (MA-2017-00210N)
- European Chemical Industry Council (ECO37)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Environmental Chemistry and Analysis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
- Keywords
- perfluorinated carboxylic acids, perfluorinated sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, membrane-water partition coefficient, phospholipid membranes, COSMO-RS, risk assessment, PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid
- MeSH terms
- Anions, Fluorocarbons, Sulfates, Water, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Risk Assessment
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