Research priorities for the environmental risk assessment of per- and polyfluorinated substances
Open accessAbstract
Per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) are a group of thousands of ubiquitously applied persistent industrial chemicals. The field of PFAS environmental research is developing rapidly, but suffers from substantial biases toward specific compounds, environmental compartments, and organisms. The aim of our study was therefore to highlight current developments and to identify knowledge gaps and subsequent research needs that would contribute to a comprehensive environmental risk assessment for PFAS. To this end, we consulted the open literature and databases and found that knowledge of the environmental fate of PFAS is based on the analysis of <1% of the compounds categorized as PFAS. Moreover, soils and suspended particulate matter remain largely understudied. The bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and food web transfer studies of PFAS also focus on a very limited number of compounds and are biased toward aquatic biota, predominantly fish, and less frequently aquatic invertebrates and macrophytes. The available ecotoxicity data revealed that only a few PFAS have been well studied for their environmental hazards, and that PFAS ecotoxicity data are also strongly biased toward aquatic organisms. Ecotoxicity studies in the terrestrial environment are needed, as well as chronic, multigenerational, and community ecotoxicity research, in light of the persistency and bioaccumulation of PFAS. Finally, we identified an urgent need to unravel the relationships among sorption, bioaccumulation, and ecotoxicity on the one hand and molecular descriptors of PFAS chemical structures and physicochemical properties on the other, to allow predictions of exposure, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2302–2316. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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PFAS bioaccumulation studies tend to focus either on aquatic or on terrestrial ecosystems, with a bias towards the aquatic environment.
“PFAS bioaccumulation studies tend to focus either on aquatic or on terrestrial ecosystems, with a bias towards the aquatic environment (Byns et al., 2022; Gkika et al., 2023; Lewis et al., 2022; Miranda et al., 2021).”
From Strong bioaccumulation of a wide variety of PFAS in a contaminated terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem (2025) · cites this paper as Gkika et al., 2023
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- Authors
- Gkika, I. S., Xie, G., van Gestel, C. A. M., Ter Laak, T. L., Vonk, J. A., van Wezel, A. P., & Kraak, M. H. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Faculty of Science Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- KWR Water Research Institute Nieuwegein The Netherlands
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Corresponding author
- Gkika, Ioanna S.
- Venue
- Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2023-08-17
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2302-2316
- ISSN
- 0730-7268 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-8618
- OpenAlex
- W4385898685
- Semantic Scholar
- 8501b2b397ffb8fc966f6c0542c8fe7ebe606df1
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 5
- FWCI
- 2.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (18725)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, environmental risk assessment, research priorities, knowledge gaps, environmental fate, bioaccumulation, food web transfer, ecotoxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, sorption, molecular descriptors, physicochemical properties, soil contamination, suspended particulate matter, aquatic organisms, exposure prediction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Fluorocarbons, Invertebrates, Research, Risk Assessment, Ecotoxicology
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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