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Cited by 676

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

XPS on Li-Battery-Related Compounds: Analysis of Inorganic SEI Phases and a Methodology for Charge Correction

Open access
Wood, Kevin N., Teeter, Glenn·2018·ACS Applied Energy Materials
DOI 10.1021/acsaem.8b00406
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Abstract

Accurate identification of chemical phases associated with the electrode and solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) is critical for understanding and controlling interfacial degradation mechanisms in lithium-containing battery systems. To study these critical battery materials and interfaces X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a widely used technique that provides quantitative chemical insights. However, due to the fact that a majority of chemical phases relevant to battery interfaces are poor electronic conductors, phase identification that relies primarily on absolute XPS core-level binding-energies (BEs) can be problematic. Charging during XPS measurements leads to BE shifts that can be difficult to correct. These difficulties are often exacerbated by the coexistence of multiple Li-containing phases in the SEI with overlapping XPS core levels. To facilitate accurate phase identification of battery-relevant phases (and electronically insulating phases in general), we propose a straightforward approach for removing charging effects from XPS data sets. We apply this approach to XPS data sets acquired from six battery-relevant inorganic phases including lithium metal (Li 0 ), lithium oxide (Li 2 O), lithium peroxide (Li 2 O 2 ), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ), and lithium nitride (Li 3 N). Specifically, we demonstrate that BE separations between core levels present in a particular phase (e.g., BE separation between the O 1s and Li 1s core levels in Li 2 O) provide an additional constraint that can significantly improve reliability of phase identification. For phases like Li 2 O 2 and LiOH where the Li-to-O ratios and BE separations are nearly identical, X-ray excited valence-band spectra can provide additional clues that facilitate accurate phase identification. To accurately identity the phases in this study, we show that in situ growth of Li 2 O on Li 0 provides a means for determining absolute core-level positions, where all charging effects can be accurately removed. Finally, as an exemplary case we apply the charge-correction methodology to XPS data acquired from a symmetric cell based on a Li 2 S–P 2 S 5 solid electrolyte. This analysis demonstrates that accurately accounting for XPS BE shifts as a function of current-bias conditions can provide a direct probe of ionic conductivities associated with battery materials.

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Metadata

Authors
Wood, K. N., & Teeter, G.
Venue
ACS Applied Energy Materials
Publisher
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published
2018-08-13
Volume
1
Issue
9
Pages
4493-4504
ISSN
2574-0962 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1021/acsaem.8b00406
OpenAlex
W2885586866
Cited by
676
References
32
FWCI
8.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

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