New insights into the chemical composition of Ayahuasca
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High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Ayahuasca is a psychedelic beverage originally from the Amazon rainforest used in different shamanic settings for medicinal, spiritual, and cultural purposes. It is prepared by boiling in water an admixture of the Amazonian vine Banisteriopsis caapi, which is a source of β-carboline alkaloids, with plants containing N,N -dimethyltryptamine, usually Psychotria viridis . While previous studies have focused on the detection and quantification of the alkaloids present in the drink, less attention has been given to other nonalkaloid components or the composition of the solids suspended in the beverage, which may also affect its psychoactive properties. In this study, we used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to study the composition of ayahuasca samples, to determine their alkaloid qualitative and quantitative profiles, as well as other major soluble and nonsoluble components. For the first time, fructose was detected as a major component of the samples, while harmine (a β-carboline previously described as an abundant alkaloid in ayahuasca) was found to be present in the solids suspended in the beverage. In addition, N,N -dimethyltryptamine (DMT), harmine, tetrahydroharmine, harmaline, and harmol were identified as the major alkaloids present in extracts of all samples. Finally, a novel, easy, and fast method using quantitative NMR was developed and validated to simultaneously quantify the content of these alkaloids found in each ayahuasca sample.
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Ayahuasca brew batches have varying levels and ratios of alkaloids due to different recipes, cooking methods, and naturally varying alkaloid levels, complicating standardized dosing protocols.
“Additionally, ayahuasca brew batches have varying levels and ratios of alkaloids due to different recipes including differences in plant combinations and ratios, variations in cooking duration and method, and naturally varying alkaloid levels in the plants used, which complicates the creation of standardized dosing protocols (6, 50).”
From Potential therapeutic effects of an ayahuasca-inspired N,N-DMT and harmine formulation: a controlled trial in healthy subjects (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
The Introduction says alkaloid quantities vary with the plant varieties and species used, and Results and Discussion (Quantitative Analysis of Alkaloids; page unavailable) reports differing concentrations and ratios across samples, possibly reflecting different amounts of plants in the preparations. The cited paper does not establish that cooking duration or method causes this variation, or explicitly connect the variation to difficulties creating standardized dosing protocols. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Ayahuasca prevents the reinstatement of cocaine-induced rewarding effects in C57Bl/6 mice
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Additional file 1 of Harmol used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus induced keratitis
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- Authors
- Rodríguez, L., López, A., Moyna, G., Seoane, G. A., Davyt, D., Vázquez, Á., Hernández, G., & Carrera, I.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de la República de Uruguay (UY)
- Laboratorio de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de la República, Avenue General Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Corresponding author
- Vázquez, Álvaro
- Carrera, Ignacio
- ORCID
- Venue
- ACS Omega
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2022-04-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 12307-12317
- ISSN
- 2470-1343 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9016809
- OpenAlex
- W4224228883
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 6
- FWCI
- 5.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- ACS Omega (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Universidad de la Rep?blica Uruguay
- Junta Nacional de Drogas - Presidencia de la Rep?blica- Uruguay
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Synthesis and bioactivity of alkaloids
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Keywords
- ayahuasca, chemical composition, β-carbolines, harmine, harmaline, harmol, tetrahydroharmine, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Psychotria viridis, Banisteriopsis caapi, fructose, quantitative NMR, alkaloid quantification
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