Chemical composition of traditional and analog Ayahuasca
Abstract
Traditional ayahuasca can be defined as a brew made from Amazonian vine Banisteriopsis caapi and Amazonian admixture plants. Ayahuasca is used by indigenous groups in Amazonia, as a sacrament in syncretic Brazilian religions, and in healing and spiritual ceremonies internationally. The study aimed to determine concentrations of the main bio- and psychoactive components of ayahuasca used in different locations and traditions. We collected 102 samples of brews from ayahuasca-using communities. Concentrations of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), tetrahydroharmine, harmine, and harmaline were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Qualitative analyses for non-traditional additives (moclobemide, psilocin, yuremamine) were performed by high resolution mass spectrometry. Higher and more variable concentrations of DMT in neoshamanic ayahuasca samples compared to indigenous samples may indicate use of higher and more variable proportions of DMT-containing admixture plants. From European samples, we found two related samples of analog ayahuasca containing moclobemide, psilocin, DMT, yuremamine, and very low concentrations of B. caapi alkaloids. Some analogs of ayahuasca (Peganum harmala, Mimosa tenuiflora) were used in Europe. No analogs were found from Brazil or Santo Daime ceremonies in Europe. We recommend awareness about the constituents of the brew and ethical self-regulation among practitioners of ayahuasca ceremonies.
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The concentrations of key active compounds in ayahuasca are difficult to quantify due to heterogeneity of preparation methods.
“The concentrations of key active compounds found in ayahuasca (i.e. DMT, tetrahydroharmine, harmine, and harmaline) are notoriously difficult to quantify given the substantial heterogeneity of ayahuasca preparation methods, which renders rigorous standardization of future medicinal use of ayahuasca a key challenge (Kaasik et al., 2021).”
From Prospective examination of the therapeutic role of psychological flexibility and cognitive reappraisal in the ceremonial use of ayahuasca (2022) · cites this paper as Kaasik et al., 2021
Ayahuasca brew batches have varying levels and ratios of alkaloids due to different recipes, cooking methods, and naturally varying alkaloid levels, complicating standardized dosing protocols.
“Additionally, ayahuasca brew batches have varying levels and ratios of alkaloids due to different recipes including differences in plant combinations and ratios, variations in cooking duration and method, and naturally varying alkaloid levels in the plants used, which complicates the creation of standardized dosing protocols (6, 50).”
From Potential therapeutic effects of an ayahuasca-inspired N,N-DMT and harmine formulation: a controlled trial in healthy subjects (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
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- Authors
- Kaasik, H., Souza, R. C. Z., Zandonadi, F. S., Tófoli, L. F., & Sussulini, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Tartu (EE)
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) (BR)
- Laboratory of Bioanalytics and Integrated Omics (LaBIOmics), Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Corresponding author
- Kaasik, Helle
- Venue
- Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-09-08
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 65-75
- ISSN
- 0279-1072 (ISSN-L)
- 2159-9777
- OpenAlex
- W3084012977
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 3.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eesti Teadusagentuur (PRG347)
- European Commission via the European Regional Development Fund (Dora Plus 1.1 and 1.2, University of Tartu ASTRA Project PER ASPERA)
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP 2014/50867-3, FAPESP 2018/01525-3)
- Foundation Archimedes
- CWT Estonia
- INCT of Bioanalytics (CNPq 465389/2014-7)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology
- Keywords
- ayahuasca, Banisteriopsis caapi, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, tetrahydroharmine, harmine, harmaline, moclobemide, psilocin, Peganum harmala, Mimosa tenuiflora, neo-shamanism, chemical composition, Santo Daime
- MeSH terms
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Harmaline, Humans, Plant Extracts, Banisteriopsis, Tandem Mass Spectrometry
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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