Ayahuasca: pharmacology, neuroscience and therapeutic potential

Domínguez-Clavé, Elisabet; Soler, Joaquim; Elices, Matilde; Pascual, Juan C.; Álvarez, Enrique; de la Fuente Revenga, Mario; Friedlander, Pablo; Feilding, Amanda; Riba, Jordi

doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.002

Cited by 226Psychedelics and Drug StudiesAlkaloids: synthesis and pharmacologySynthesis and bioactivity of alkaloids

Ayahuasca: pharmacology, neuroscience and therapeutic potential

Domínguez-Clavé, Elisabet, Soler, Joaquim, Elices, Matilde, Pascual, Juan C., Álvarez, Enrique, de la Fuente Revenga, Mario, Friedlander, Pablo, Feilding, Amanda +1 more·2016·Brain Research Bulletin

DOI 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.002

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Abstract

Ayahuasca is the Quechua name for a tea obtained from the vine Banisteriopsis caapi, and used for ritual purposes by the indigenous populations of the Amazon. The use of a variation of the tea that combines B. caapi with the leaves of the shrub Psychotria viridis has experienced unprecedented expansion worldwide for its psychotropic properties. This preparation contains the psychedelic 5-HT 2A receptor agonist N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) from P. viridis, plus β-carboline alkaloids with monoamine-oxidase-inhibiting properties from B. caapi. Acute administration induces a transient modified state of consciousness characterized by introspection, visions, enhanced emotions and recollection of personal memories. A growing body of evidence suggests that ayahuasca may be useful to treat substance use disorders, anxiety and depression. Here we review the pharmacology and neuroscience of ayahuasca, and the potential psychological mechanisms underlying its therapeutic potential. We discuss recent findings indicating that ayahuasca intake increases certain mindfulness facets related to acceptance and to the ability to take a detached view of one's own thoughts and emotions. Based on the available evidence, we conclude that ayahuasca shows promise as a therapeutic tool by enhancing self-acceptance and allowing safe exposure to emotional events. We postulate that ayahuasca could be of use in the treatment of impulse-related, personality and substance use disorders and also in the handling of trauma. More research is needed to assess the full potential of ayahuasca in the treatment of these disorders.

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Converging evidence from preclinical and human studies suggests oral formulations of DMT such as ayahuasca show potential in reducing anxiety, depressive symptoms, addictive behaviors, and posttraumatic distress.
“Indeed, converging evidence from preclinical and human studies suggest that oral formulations of DMT such as ayahuasca show potential in reducing anxiety, depressive symptoms, addictive behaviors, and posttraumatic distress (1–3, 30–35).”
From Potential therapeutic effects of an ayahuasca-inspired N,N-DMT and harmine formulation: a controlled trial in healthy subjects (2024) · cites this paper as [31]

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SANTOS, R. G. D., Valle, M., Bouso, J. C., Nomdedeu, J. F., Rodrı́guez-Espinosa, J., McIlhenny, E. H., Barker, S. A., Barbanoj, M. J., & Riba, J. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e31823607f6 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Decentering as a Common Link among Mindfulness, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Social Anxiety
Hayes-Skelton, S., & Graham, J. (2013) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465812000902 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Effects of the South American Psychoactive Beverage Ayahuasca on Regional Brain Electrical Activity in Humans: A Functional Neuroimaging Study Using Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography
Riba, J., Anderer, P., Jané, F., Saletu, B., & Barbanoj, M. J. (2004) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000077946 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2008) · PubMed · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Topographic pharmaco‐EEG mapping of the effects of the South American psychoactive beverage ayahuasca in healthy volunteers
Riba, J., Anderer, P., Morte, A., Urbano, G., Jané, F., Saletu, B., & Barbanoj, M. J. (2002) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01609.x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Harmine is an ATP-competitive inhibitor for dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (Dyrk1A)
Adayev, T., Węgiel, J., & Hwang, Y. (2010) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2010.12.024 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Report on psychoactive drug use among adolescents using ayahuasca within a religious context.
Doering-Silveira, E., Grob, C. S., de Rios, M. D., Lopez, E., Alonso, L. K., Tacla, C., & Da Silveira, D. X. (2005) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2005.10399794 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Classical hallucinogens as antidepressants? A review of pharmacodynamics and putative clinical roles
Baumeister, D., Barnes, G. L., Giaroli, G., & Tracy, D. K. (2014) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125314527985 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
‘Altered States of Consciousness and Short-Term Psychological After-Effects Induced by the First Time Ritual Use of Ayahuasca in an Urban Context in Brazil’
Barbosa, P. C. R., Giglio, J. S., & Dalgalarrondo, P. (2005) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2005.10399801 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Handbook of Exposure Therapies
Richard, D. C. S., & Lauterbach, D. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-587421-2.x5000-5 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Harmine and Imipramine Promote Antioxidant Activities in Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus
Réus, G. Z., Stringari, R. B., de Souza, B., Petronilho, F., Dal-Pizzol, F., Hallak, J. E., Zuardi, A. W., Crippa, J. A., & Quevedo, J. (2010) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.4161/oxim.3.5.13109 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
A Six-Month Prospective Evaluation of Personality Traits, Psychiatric Symptoms and Quality of Life in Ayahuasca-Naïve Subjects
Barbosa, P. C. R., Cazorla, I. M., Giglio, J. S., & Strassman, R. J. (2009) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2009.10400530 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Behavioural and neurotoxic effects of ayahuasca infusion (Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis) in female Wistar rat
Pic‐Taylor, A., da Motta, L. G., de Morais, J. A., Melo, W., Santos, A. D. F. A., Campos, L. A., Mortari, M. R., von Zuben, M. V., & Caldas, E. D. (2015) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2015.05.004 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Serotonergic psychedelics temporarily modify information transfer in humans.
Alonso, J. F., Romero, S., Mañanas, M. À., & Riba, J. (2015) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv039 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Effects of β-carboline harmine on behavioral and physiological parameters observed in the chronic mild stress model: Further evidence of antidepressant properties
Fortunato, J. J., Réus, G. Z., Kirsch, T. R., Stringari, R. B., Fries, G. R., Kapczinski, F. P., Hallak, J. E. C., Zuardi, A. W., Crippa, J. A. S., & Quevedo, J. (2009) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.09.008 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Metabolism and urinary disposition of N,N‐dimethyltryptamine after oral and smoked administration: a comparative study
Jordi Riba, A., McIlhenny, E. H., Bouso, J. C., & Barker, S. A. (2014) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.1685 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Chronic administration of harmine elicits antidepressant-like effects and increases BDNF levels in rat hippocampus
Fortunato, J. J., Réus, G. Z., Kirsch, T. R., Stringari, R. B., Fries, G. R., Kapczinski, F., Hallak, J. E., Zuardi, A. W., Crippa, J. A., & Quevedo, J. (2010) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-010-0451-2 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Group II mGlu receptor agonists inhibit behavioural and electrophysiological effects of DOI in mice
Kłodzińska, A., Bijak, M., Tokarski, K., & Pilc, A. (2002) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00845-6 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2007) · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Effects of ayahuasca on the development of ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization and on a post-sensitization treatment in mice.
Oliveira-Lima, A. J., Santos, R., Hollais, A. W., Gerardi-Junior, C. A., Baldaia, M. A., Wuo-Silva, R., Yokoyama, T. S., Costa, J. L., Malpezzi-Marinho, E. L. A., Ribeiro-Barbosa, P. C., et al. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.01.032 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Indole Alkaloids of Acer saccharinum (the Silver Maple), Dictyoloma incanescens, Piptadenia colubrina, and Mimosa hostilis
Pachter, I. J., Zacharias, D. E., & Ribeiro, O. (1959) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jo01091a032 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Pharmacotheon: entheogenic drugs, their plant sources and history
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-3245 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Assessing Decentering: Validation, Psychometric Properties, and Clinical Usefulness of the Experiences Questionnaire in a Spanish Sample
Soler, J., Franquesa, A., Feliu-Soler, A., Cebolla, A., García-Campayo, J., Tejedor, R., Demarzo, M., Baños, R., Pascual, J. C., & Portella, M. J. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.05.004 · Cited by 84 · cited 7× · see citing works
“, 2014) and borderline personality disorders (Soler et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Piptadenia Alkaloids. Indole Bases of P. peregrina (L.) Benth. and Related Species
Fish, M. S., Johnson, N. M., & Horning, E. C. (1955) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja01627a034 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Decentering as a potential common mechanism across two therapies for generalized anxiety disorder
Hayes-Skelton, S. A., Calloway, A., Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038305 · Cited by 83 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…(Bieling et al., 2012; Fresco et al., 2007b; Gecht, 2014; Hargus et al., 2010; Teasdale et al., 2002), but also in generalized anxiety disorder (Hayes-Skelton et al., 2015; Hoge et al., 2015), social anxiety (Hayes-Skelton and Graham, 2013), eating disorders, substance use disorders (Shapiro…”
Background
Exploring the relationship between facets of mindfulness and eating pathology in women
Lavender, J. M., Gratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2011) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.555485 · Cited by 83 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These findings are of special interest, if we consider that psychiatric populations score lower than healthy individuals on trait mindfulness (Cardaciotto et al., 2008; Lavender et al., 2011; Tejedor et al., 2014).”
Background
Harmane Induces Anxiolysis and Antidepressant‐Like Effects in Rats
Arıcıoğlu, F., & Altunbas, H. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1304.024 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The healing practices of a peruvian shaman
Luna, L. E. (1984) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/0378-8741(84)90035-7 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Salutary Proximal Processes and Distal Mood and Anxiety Vulnerability Outcomes of Mindfulness Training: A Pilot Preventive Intervention
Tanay, G., Lotan, G., & Bernstein, A. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.06.003 · Cited by 78 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Decentering, also called “defusion”, is considered a byproduct of mindfulness practice (Gecht et al., 2014; Tanay et al., 2012) and refers to the ability to observe one‟s own thoughts and feelings in a detached manner.”
Background
Hypotheses Regarding the Mechanisms of Ayahuasca in the Treatment of Addictions
Liester, M. B., & Prickett, J. I. (2012) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2012.704590 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Agonist-Trafficking and Hallucinogens
González‐Maeso, J., & Sealfon, S. C. (2009) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/092986709787581851 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Modulation of DOI-induced increases in cortical BDNF expression by group II mGlu receptors
Gewirtz, J. C., Chen, A. C. H., Terwilliger, R. Z., Duman, R. C., & Marek, G. J. (2002) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00844-4 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Composition, standardization and chemical profiling of Banisteriopsis caapi, a plant for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders relevant to Parkinson's disease
Wang, Y., Samoylenko, V., Tekwani, B. L., Khan, I. A., Miller, L. S., Chaurasiya, N. D., Rahman, M. M., Tripathi, L. M., Khan, S. I., Joshi, V. C., et al. (2010) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.02.013 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder in incarcerated women: A call for evidence-based treatment.
Harner, H. M., Budescu, M., Gillihan, S. J., Riley, S., & Foa, E. B. (2013) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0032508 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Inhibition by β-carbolines of monoamine uptake into a synaptosomal preparation: Structure-activity relationships
Buckholtz, N. S., & Boggan, W. O. (1977) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(77)90190-4 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
New World Tryptamine Hallucinogens and the Neuroscience of Ayahuasca
McKenna, D. J., & Jordi Riba, A. (2016) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2016_472 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
A mediation model of mindfulness and decentering: sequential psychological constructs or one and the same?
Gecht, J., Kessel, R., Forkmann, T., Gauggel, S., Drueke, B., Scherer, A., & Mainz, V. (2014) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/2050-7283-2-18 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Induction of early growth response gene 2 expression in the forebrain of mice performing an attention-set-shifting task
DeSteno, D. A., & Schmauss, C. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.012 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Facing the Dreaded: Does Mindfulness Facilitate Coping with Distressing Experiences? A Moderator Analysis
Bergomi, C., Ströhle, G., Michalak, J., Funke, F., & Berking, M. (2013) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2012.713391 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Evidence for a 5-HT2A receptor mode of action in the anxiolytic-like properties of DOI in mice
Dhonnchadha, B. Á. N., Hascoët, M., Jolliet, P., & Bourin, M. (2003) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(03)00179-7 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Using a Trauma‐Informed Framework to Care for Incarcerated Women
Harner, H. M., & Burgess, A. W. (2011) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01259.x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Effects of harmaline on anxiety-related behavior in mice
Hilber, P., & Chapillon, P. (2005) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.07.006 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Plants of the Gods: Origins of Hallucinogenic Use
Liskow, B. I. (1980) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1980.03310170076041 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Simultaneous Cerebral Glucography with Positron Emission Tomography and Topographic Electroencephalography
Buchsbaum, M. S., KESSLER, R. M., King, A. C., Johnson, J., & Cappelletti, J. (1984) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)62182-2 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A Critical Evaluation of Reports Associating Ayahuasca with Life-Threatening Adverse Reactions
SANTOS, R. G. D. (2013) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2013.785846 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Administration of Harmine and Imipramine Alters Creatine Kinase and Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Activities in the Rat Brain
Réus, G. Z., Stringari, R. B., Gonçalves, C. L., Scaini, G., Carvalho‐Silva, M., Jeremias, G. C., Jeremias, I. C., Ferreira, G. K., STRECK, E. L., Hallak, J. E. C., et al. (2011) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2012/987397 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The hallucinogen d-lysergic acid diethylamide (d-LSD) induces the immediate-early gene c-Fos in rat forebrain
Frankel, P. S., & Cunningham, K. A. (2002) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03548-5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for drug abuse in incarcerated women
Villagrá Lanza, P., & González Menéndez, A. (2013) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2012.292 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Effect of DYRK1A activity inhibition on development of neuronal progenitors isolated from Ts65Dn mice
Mazur‐Kolecka, B., Golabek, A. A., Kida, E., Rabe, A., Hwang, Y., Adayev, T., Węgiel, J., Flory, M. J., Kaczmarski, W., Marchi, E. J., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23007 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The therapeutic potentials of Ayahuasca in the treatment of depression
Palhano-Fontes, F., Alchieri, J. C., Oliveira, J. P. M., Soares, B. L., Hallak, J. E. C., Galvao-Coelho, N., & de Araujo, D. B. (2014) · The Therapeutic Use of Ayahuasca · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40426-9_2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Extinction of aversive eliciting functions as an analog of exposure to conditioned fear: Does it alter avoidance responding?
Luciano, C., Valdivia-Salas, S., Ruiz, F. J., Rodríguez-Valverde, M., Barnes-Holmes, D., Dougher, M., Cabello, F., Sánchez, V., Barnes-Holmes, Y., & Gutiérrez, O. (2013) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.05.001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Dialektisch Behaviorale Therapie für Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung nach sexualisierter Gewalt in der Kindheit und Jugend (DBT-PTSD)
Bohus, M., Dyer, A., Priebe, K., Krüger, A., & Steil, R. (2010) · PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.1055/s-0030-1263162 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
New World Tryptamine Hallucinogens and the Neuroscience of Ayahuasca
McKenna, D. J., & Riba, J. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2015_368 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Les effets de l’ayahuasca sur le système nerveux central: étude comportementale
de Lima, L. M. S., Ferreira, S. M., Ávila, A. A. L., Perazzo, F. F., Schneedorf, J. M., Hinsberger, A., & Carvalho, J. C. T. (2007) · Phytothérapie · doi:10.1007/s10298-007-0266-y · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de la Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale
Tejedor, R., Feliu‐Soler, A., Pascual, J. C., Cebolla, A., Portella, M. J., Trujols, J., Soriano, J., Pérez, V., & Soler, J. (2014) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2014.04.001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Interventions basées sur la pleine conscience en addictologie
Skanavi, S., Laqueille, X., & Aubin, H. (2011) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2010.08.010 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Altered states and the study of consciousness: The case of Ayahuasca
Shanon, B. (2003) · The Journal of mind and behavior · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress disorder in Veterans
Moran, S., Burker, E. J., & Schmidt, J. V. (2013) · Journal of rehabilitation · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Human pharmacology of ayahuasca
Serrano, J. R. (2003) · TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa) · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Alkaloid content of Banisteriopsis rusbyana.
Agurell, S., Holmstedt, B. R., & Lindgren, J. E. (1969) · PubMed · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Newman, M. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/03758-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale
Tejedor, R., Feliu‐Soler, A., Pascual, J. C., Cebolla, A., Portella, M. J., Trujols, J., Soriano, J., Pérez, V., & Soler, J. (2014) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rpsmen.2014.10.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ayahuasca psychedelic tested for depression
Frood, A. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature.2015.17252 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Effect of Globopentaosylceramide on a Depression Model, Mouse Forced Swimming
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Effect of Santo Daime Membership on Substance Dependence
Labate, B. C., SANTOS, R. G. D., Strassman, R. J., Anderson, B. T., & Mizumoto, S. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40426-9_9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Therapeutic Applications of Ayahuasca and Other Sacred Medicines
Winkelman, M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40426-9_1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Exposure therapy and cognitive interventions for the anxiety disorders
Forsyth, J. P., Barrios, V., & Acheson, D. T. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012587421-2/50004-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

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Psychedelics and Neuroplasticity: A Systematic Review Unraveling the Biological Underpinnings of Psychedelics.
de Vos, C. M. H., Mason, N. L., & Kuypers, K. P. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724606 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
“When DMT is administered without the other ayahuasca components, effects arise within minutes after ingestion when inhaled or injected, and last for 15min (15).”
Background
Survey of subjective "God encounter experiences": Comparisons among naturally occurring experiences and those occasioned by the classic psychedelics psilocybin, LSD, ayahuasca, or DMT
Griffiths, R. R., Hurwitz, E. S., Davis, A. K., Johnson, M. W., & Jesse, R. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214377 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Assessing the psychedelic "after-glow" in ayahuasca users: Post-acute neurometabolic and functional connectivity changes are associated with enhanced mindfulness capacities
Sampedro, F., de la Fuente Revenga, M., Valle, M., Roberto, N., Domínguez-Clavé, E., Elices, M., Luna, L. E., Crippa, J. A. S., Hallak, J. E. C., de Araujo, D. B., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyx036 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Ayahuasca enhances creative divergent thinking while decreasing conventional convergent thinking
Kuypers, K. P. C., Riba, J., de la Fuente Revenga, M., Barker, S., Theunissen, E. L., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4377-8 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Ayahuasca: Psychological and Physiologic Effects, Pharmacology and Potential Uses in Addiction and Mental Illness
Hamill, J., Hallak, J. E. C., Dursun, S. M., & Baker, G. B. (2018) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x16666180125095902 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Effects of N,N-Dimethyltryptamine on Rat Behaviors Relevant to Anxiety and Depression
Cameron, L. P., Benson, C. J., Dunlap, L. E., & Olson, D. E. (2018) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00134 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Microdosing psychedelics: personality, mental health, and creativity differences in microdosers
Anderson, T., Petranker, R., Rosenbaum, D., Weissman, C. R., Dinh-Williams, L.-A., Hui, K., Hapke, E., & Farb, N. A. S. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5106-2 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
The alkaloids of Banisteriopsis caapi, the plant source of the Amazonian hallucinogen Ayahuasca, stimulate adult neurogenesis in vitro
Morales-García, J. A., de la Fuente Revenga, M., Alonso-Gil, S., Rodríguez-Franco, M. I., Feilding, A., Perez-Castillo, A., & Riba, J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05407-9 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Survey of entity encounter experiences occasioned by inhaled N,N -dimethyltryptamine: Phenomenology, interpretation, and enduring effects
Davis, A. K., Clifton, J. M., Weaver, E. G., Hurwitz, E. S., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120916143 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Ayahuasca’s ‘afterglow’: improved mindfulness and cognitive flexibility in ayahuasca drinkers
Murphy-Beiner, A., & Soar, K. (2020) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05445-3 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics of Ayahuasca alkaloids N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), Harmine, Harmaline and Tetrahydroharmine: clinical and forensic impact
Brito-da-Costa, A. M., Dias-da-Silva, D., Gomes, N. G. M., Dinis-Oliveira, R. J., & Madureira-Carvalho, Á. (2020) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph13110334 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
Cameron, L. P., & Olson, D. E. (2018) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00101 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Four weekly ayahuasca sessions lead to increases in “acceptance” capacities: a comparison study with a standard 8-week mindfulness training program
Soler, J., Elices, M., Dominguez-Clavé, E., Pascual, J. C., Feilding, A., Navarro-Gil, M., García-Campayo, J., & Riba, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00224 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citation
Classical hallucinogens and neuroimaging: A systematic review of human studies
dos Santos, R. G., Osório, F. L., Crippa, J. A. S., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.026 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Registered clinical studies investigating psychedelic drugs for psychiatric disorders
Siegel, A. N., Meshkat, S., Benitah, K., Lipsitz, O., Gill, H., Lui, L. M. W., Teopiz, K. M., McIntyre, R. S., & Rosenblat, J. D. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.019 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Assessment of Alcohol and Tobacco Use Disorders Among Religious Users of Ayahuasca
Barbosa, P. C. R., Tófoli, L. F., Bogenschutz, M. P., Hoy, R. V., Berro, L. F., Marinho, E. A. V., Areco, K. C. N., & Winkelman, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00136 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The acute effects of classic psychedelics on memory in humans
Healy, C. J. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05756-w · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Hypothesis: The Psychedelic Ayahuasca Heals Traumatic Memories via a Sigma 1 Receptor-Mediated Epigenetic-Mnemonic Process
Inserra, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00330 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Acute effects of intravenous DMT in a randomized placebo-controlled study in healthy participants
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“INTRODUCTION N,N -dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a naturally occurring psychedelic that is a component of Ayahuasca, which is widely used for recreational and spiritual purposes [1].”
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Self-citation
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Ayahuasca’s Antidepressant Effects Covary with Behavioral Activation as Well as Mindfulness
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Psychological and physiological effects of extended DMT
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Understanding the neurobiological effects of drug abuse: Lessons from zebrafish models
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Ayahuasca's therapeutic potential: What we know – and what not
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Pharmahuasca and DMT rescue ROS production and differentially expressed genes observed after predator and psychosocial stress: Relevance to human PTSD
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Potential use of ayahuasca in grief therapy
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N,N‐dimethyltryptamine and Amazonian ayahuasca plant medicine
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Behavioral Changes Over Time Following Ayahuasca Exposure in Zebrafish
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Ethnobotanies of refusal: Methodologies in respecting plant(ed)‐human resistance
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Toxicological Aspects and Determination of the Main Components of Ayahuasca: A Critical Review
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Stability Evaluation of DMT and Harmala Alkaloids in Ayahuasca Tea Samples
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Is Ayahuasca an Option for the Treatment of Crack Cocaine Dependence?
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The Effects of Tryptamine Psychedelics in the Brain: A meta-Analysis of Functional and Review of Molecular Imaging Studies
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Adverse pharmacokinetic interactions between illicit substances and clinical drugs
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Overcoming the clinical challenges of traditional ayahuasca: a first-in-human trial exploring novel routes of administration of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmine
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Benefits and Challenges of Ultra-Fast, Short-Acting Psychedelics in the Treatment of Depression
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Within-treatment changes in a novel addiction treatment program using traditional Amazonian medicine
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Exposure to ayahuasca induces developmental and behavioral alterations on early life stages of zebrafish
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Psilocybin use is associated with lowered odds of crime arrests in US adults: A replication and extension
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Ayahuasca and tobacco smoking cessation: results from an online survey in Brazil
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New insights into the chemical composition of Ayahuasca
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Ayahuasca may help to improve self‐compassion and self‐criticism capacities
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Dimethyltryptamine: Endogenous Role and Therapeutic Potential
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Bioactive Azepine-Indole Alkaloids from Psychotria nemorosa
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Maternal and developmental toxicity of the hallucinogenic plant-based beverage ayahuasca in rats
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Effects of the hallucinogenic beverage ayahuasca on voluntary ethanol intake by rats and on cFos expression in brain areas relevant to drug addiction
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Protocol for Outcome Evaluation of Ayahuasca-Assisted Addiction Treatment: The Case of Takiwasi Center
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Psychotherapeutic and neurobiological processes associated with ayahuasca: A proposed model and implications for therapeutic use
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Acute Intoxication following Dimethyltryptamine Ingestion
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Ayahuasca Beverages: Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Properties
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Teacher plants — Indigenous Peruvian-Amazonian dietary practices as a method for using psychoactives
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Ayahuasca‐enhanced extinction of fear behaviour: Role of infralimbic cortex 5‐HT2A and 5‐HT1A receptors
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Newly Emerging Drugs of Abuse
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Ayahuasca blocks ethanol preference in an animal model of dependence and shows no acute toxicity
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Antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects of ayahuasca in rats subjected to LPS-induced neuroinflammation
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Beyond the Psychoactive Effects of Ayahuasca: Cultural and Pharmacological Relevance of Its Emetic and Purging Properties
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Exploration of essential oil from Psychotria poeppigiana as an anti-hyperalgesic and anti-acetylcholinesterase agent: Chemical composition, biological activity and molecular docking
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Correction to: Toxicity of ayahuasca after 28 days daily exposure and effects on monoamines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in brain of Wistar rats
Colaço, C. S., Alves, S. S., Nolli, L. M., Pinheiro, W. O., de Oliveira, D. G. R., Santos, B. W. L., Taylor, A. P., Mortari, M. R., & Caldas, E. D. (2021) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-021-00854-w · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Anti-inflammatory activity of ayahuasca: therapeutical implications in neurological and psychiatric diseases
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Hallucinogenic drugs and their potential for treating fear‐related disorders: Through the lens of fear extinction
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Reproductive effects of the psychoactive beverage ayahuasca in male Wistar rats after chronic exposure
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A Systematic Review on the Therapeutic Effects of Ayahuasca
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A Physician’s Attempt to Self-Medicate Bipolar Depression with N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
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Reaction of N , N -Dimethyltryptamine with Dichloromethane Under Common Experimental Conditions
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The current state of ayahuasca research in animal models: A systematic review
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Effects of psychedelics on neurogenesis and broader neuroplasticity: a systematic review
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Ayahuasca: A risk for travellers?
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Ayahuasca Pretreatment Prevents Sepsis-Induced Anxiety-Like Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Oxidative Stress, and Increases Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
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Psychosocial and Drug Use Assessment of Regular vs. Non-Regular Ayahuasca Users in a Brazilian Sample: a Web-Based Survey
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Awake or Sleeping? Maybe Both… A Review of Sleep-Related Dissociative States
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Integrating Psychedelic Medicines and Psychiatry: Theory and Methods of a Model Clinic
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Effect of Ritualistic Consumption of Ayahuasca on Hepatic Function in Chronic Users
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How to account for hallucinations in the interpretation of the antidepressant effects of psychedelics: a translational framework
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After a Psychedelic Experience, a Case Report
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A rapid analytical strategy for the determination of ayahuasca alkaloids in non-ritualistic approaches by UHPLC-MS/MS
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Authors: Domínguez-Clavé, E., Soler, J., Elices, M., Pascual, J. C., Álvarez, E., de la Fuente Revenga, M., Friedlander, P., Feilding, A., & Riba, J.
Affiliations: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
Beckley Foundation (GB)
ORCID: Soler, Joaquim
Elices, Matilde
Pascual, Juan C.
Feilding, Amanda
Venue: Brain Research Bulletin
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-09
Volume: 126
Issue: Pt 1
Pages: 89-101
ISSN: 0361-9230 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.002
OpenAlex: W2301686735
Cited by: 226
References: 139
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 2.76
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Brain Research Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Synthesis and bioactivity of alkaloids
Keywords: ayahuasca, Banisteriopsis caapi, Psychotria viridis, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, β-carbolines, monoamine oxidase inhibition, psychedelics, altered states of consciousness, substance use disorders, anxiety, depression, mindfulness, self-acceptance, trauma, personality disorders, impulse control disorders, therapeutic potential
MeSH terms: Animals, Carbolines, Humans, Neurosciences, Pharmacology, Plant Extracts, Banisteriopsis

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Ayahuasca: pharmacology, neuroscience and therapeutic potential

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