Occurrence of Phthalate Metabolites in Human Urine from Several Asian Countries
Abstract
The occurrence of 14 phthalate metabolites was found in human urine samples collected from seven Asian countries: China, India, Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Phthalate metabolites were found in all samples, indicating widespread exposure of humans to phthalates in these Asian countries. The highest total (the sum of 14 phthalates) phthalate metabolite concentrations were found in samples collected from Kuwait (median: 1050 ng/mL), followed in decreasing order by samples from India (389 ng/mL), China (234 ng/mL), Vietnam (133 ng/mL), Japan (120 ng/mL), Korea (117 ng/mL), and Malaysia (94.9 ng/mL). The creatinine-adjusted median concentrations of total phthalates for urine samples from Kuwait, India, China, Vietnam, Japan, Korea, and Malaysia were 692, 506, 289, 119, 103, 104, and 169 μg/g creatinine, respectively. Monomethyl phthalate (mMP), monoethyl phthalate (mEP), mono (2-isobutyl phthalate) (miBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (mBP), and metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the dominant compounds, collectively accounting for >95% of the total concentrations in the samples from the seven countries. The profiles of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations varied among the samples collected from the seven countries. Urine samples from Kuwait contained the highest concentrations of mEP (median: 391 ng/mL), mBP (94.1 ng/mL), and the metabolites of DEHP (202 ng/mL), whereas samples from China and Japan contained the highest concentrations of miBP (…
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The estimated daily exposure doses to DEHP in Kuwait and India were close to the RfD of the US EPA.
“The estimated daily exposure doses to DEHP in Kuwait and India, however, were close to the RfD of the US EPA [72].”
From A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures (2019) · cites this paper as [72]
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- Authors
- Guo, Y., Alomirah, H., Cho, H.-S., Minh, T. B., Mohd, M. A., Nakata, H., & Kannan, K.
- Affiliations
- New York State Department of Health (US)
- Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KW)
- Chonnam National University (KR)
- Vietnam Environment Administration, 409 Kim Ma Street, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam
- University of Malaya (MY)
- Kumamoto University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Kannan, Kurunthachalam
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2011-03-11
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 3138-3144
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2009467060
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 8.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1u38eh000464-01)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- phthalate metabolites, phthalate exposure, monoethyl phthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, daily intake estimation, Asian populations, Kuwait
- MeSH terms
- Adult, China, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Environmental Pollution, Female, Humans, India, Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, Male, Middle Aged, Phthalic Acids, Plasticizers, Vietnam, Young Adult
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