Household Light Makes Global Heat: High Black Carbon Emissions From Kerosene Wick Lamps
Open accessAbstract
Kerosene-fueled wick lamps used in millions of developing-country households are a significant but overlooked source of black carbon (BC) emissions. We present new laboratory and field measurements showing that 7-9% of kerosene consumed by widely used simple wick lamps is converted to carbonaceous particulate matter that is nearly pure BC. These high emission factors increase previous BC emission estimates from kerosene by 20-fold, to 270 Gg/year (90% uncertainty bounds: 110, 590 Gg/year). Aerosol climate forcing on atmosphere and snow from this source is estimated at 22 mW/m² (8, 48 mW/m²), or 7% of BC forcing by all other energy-related sources. Kerosene lamps have affordable alternatives that pose few clear adoption barriers and would provide immediate benefit to user welfare. The net effect on climate is definitively positive forcing as coemitted organic carbon is low. No other major BC source has such readily available alternatives, definitive climate forcing effects, and cobenefits. Replacement of kerosene-fueled wick lamps deserves strong consideration for programs that target short-lived climate forcers.
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Kerosene emissions consist predominantly of black carbon, which distinguishes kerosene from other common indoor particulate sources.
“Emissions from kerosene are composed predominantly of BC, making it unique among other common particulate sources found in homes21.”
From Effect of a solar lighting intervention on fuel-based lighting use and exposure to household air pollution in rural Uganda: A randomized controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as [21]
The Results (Emission factors; page not provided) say that most particulate matter from the tested kerosene wick lamps was black carbon and that their BC-to-total-carbon ratio was much higher than for other BC sources. The claim omits the lamp-specific condition and applies the finding to kerosene emissions generally; the paper also distinguishes wick-lamp emissions from those of kerosene cookstoves. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOpen wick kerosene lamps in particular are strong indoor sources of PM2.5 that is largely black carbon.
“Kerosene lamps, particularly open (simple) wick lamps, are potent sources of indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) composed of mostly black carbon (BC) 20–22.”
From Effect of a solar lighting intervention on fuel-based lighting use and exposure to household air pollution in rural Uganda: A randomized controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as [21]
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- Authors
- Lam, N. L., Chen, Y., Weyant, C., Venkataraman, C., Sadavarte, P., Johnson, M. A., Smith, K. R., Brem, B. T., Arineitwe, J., Ellis, J. E., & Bond, T. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IN)
- Berkeley Air Monitoring Group (United States) (US)
- Center for Integrated Research and Community Development (CIRCODU), Kampala, Uganda
- Corresponding author
- Bond, Tami C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2012-12-04
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 13531-13538
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- PMC
- PMC3531557
- OpenAlex
- W1978858250
- Cited by
- 152
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 10.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DSpace (IIT Bombay) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES010178)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Energy and Environment Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- black carbon, household lighting, carbonaceous particulate matter, emission factors, aerosol radiative forcing, snow albedo, short-lived climate forcers, developing countries
- MeSH terms
- Carbon Monoxide, Climate, Environmental Pollutants, Hot Temperature, Household Articles, Kerosene, Lighting, Thermodynamics, Particulate Matter, Soot
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