Sanitation: A Global Estimate of Sewerage Connections without Treatment and the Resulting Impact on MDG Progress
Abstract
Progress toward the sanitation component of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) Target 7c was reassessed to account for the need to protect communities and the wider population from exposure to human excreta. We classified connections to sewerage as "improved sanitation" only if the sewage was treated before discharge to the environment. Sewerage connection data was available for 167 countries in 2010; of these, 77 had published data on sewage treatment prevalence. We developed an empirical model to estimate sewage treatment prevalence for 47 additional countries. We estimate that in 2010, 40% of the global population (2.8 billion people) used improved sanitation, as opposed to the estimate of 62% (4.3 billion people) from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), and that 4.1 billion people lacked access to an improved sanitation facility. Redefining sewerage-without-treatment as "unimproved sanitation" in MDG monitoring would raise the 1990 baseline population using unimproved sanitation from 53% to 64% and the corresponding 2015 target from 27% to 32%. At the current rate of progress, we estimate a shortfall of 28 percentage points (1.9 billion people) in 2010 and a projected 27 percentage point shortfall in 2015.
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Much of sewered sanitation worldwide is not connected to adequate treatment of waste water, resulting in high environmental contamination with faeces and increased risks of diarrhoeal disease in adjacent communities.
“Furthermore, much of sewered sanitation worldwide is not connected to adequate treatment of waste water, which results in high environmental contamination with faeces and subsequently increased risks of diarrhoeal disease in adjacent communities.102, 103”
Use of improved sanitation facilities may not prevent sewage and faecal sludge from being discharged into the environment without treatment.
“while use of improved sanitation facilities may not prevent sewage and faecal sludge from being discharged into the environment without treatment [9].”
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- Authors
- Baum, R., Luh, J., & Bartram, J.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bartram, Jamie
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2013-02-01
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1994-2000
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2313711895
- Cited by
- 190
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 22.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- UNICEF
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Odum Institute for Research in Social Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fecal contamination and water quality
- Keywords
- sanitation, wastewater treatment, improved sanitation, unimproved sanitation
- MeSH terms
- Sanitation, Sewage, Models, Statistical, Waste Management, Internationality
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