The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Detecting Free Radicals in Biochars and Determining Their Ability to Inhibit the Germination and Growth of Corn, Wheat and Rice Seedlings
Abstract
Biochar can benefit human society as a carbon-negative material and soil amendment. However, negative biochar impacts on plant germination and growth have been observed, and they have not been fully explained. Therefore, protocols to avoid these risks cannot be proposed. We hypothesized that the free radicals generated during charring may inhibit plant germination and growth. Significant electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals were observed in the biochars derived from several types of common biomass (corn stalk, rice, and wheat straws) and the major biopolymer components of biomass (cellulose and lignin), but not in the original materials, suggesting the ubiquitous presence of free radicals in biochars. EPR signal intensity increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature, and it was dominantly contributed by oxygen centered in the mixture of oxygen- and carbon-centered free radicals as the temperature increased. The free radicals in biochars induced strong ·OH radicals in the aqueous phase. Significant germination inhibition, root and shoot growth retardation and plasma membrane damage were observed for biochars with abundant free radicals. Germination inhibition and plasma membrane damage were not obvious for biochars containing low free radicals, but they were apparent at comparable concentrations of conventional contaminants, such as heavy metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The potential risk and harm of relatively persistent free radicals in biochars must be addressed to apply them safely.
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Cites
Quantifying the Total and Bioavailable Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Dioxins in Biochars
Hale, S. E., Lehmann, J., Rutherford, D., Zimmerman, A. R., Bachmann, R. T., Shitumbanuma, V., O’Toole, A., Sundqvist, K. L., Arp, H. P. H., & Cornelissen, G. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es203984k · Cited by 634
Biochars influence seed germination and early growth of seedlings
Solaiman, Z. M., Murphy, D. V., & Abbott, L. K. (2012) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-011-1031-4 · Cited by 307
Germination tests for assessing biochar quality
Rogovska, N., Laird, D., Cruse, R. M., Trabue, S., & Heaton, E. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0103 · Cited by 204
Vejerano, E., Lomnicki, S. M., & Dellinger, B. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es301136d · Cited by 144
The effect of biochars on maize ( Zea mays ) germination
Free, H., McGill, C., Rowarth, J., & Hedley, M. (2010) · New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.1080/00288231003606039 · Cited by 86
Cited by
Zhu, S., Huang, X., Ma, F., Wang, L., Duan, X., & Wang, S. (2018) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b01817 · Cited by 1,179
Joseph, S., Cowie, A. L., Van Zwieten, L., Bolan, N., Budai, A., Buss, W., Cayuela, M. L., Graber, E. R., Ippolito, J. A., Kuzyakov, Y., et al. (2021) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12885 · Cited by 1,090
Zhu, X., Chen, B., Zhu, L., & Xing, B. (2017) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.032 · Cited by 1,021
Self-citationXiao, X., Chen, B., Chen, Z., Zhu, L., & Schnoor, J. L. (2018) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b06487 · Cited by 914
Fang, G., Liu, C., Gao, J., Dionysiou, D. D., & Zhou, D. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es5061512 · Cited by 887
Metadata
- Authors
- Liao, S., Pan, B., Li, H., Zhang, D., & Xing, B.
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2014-07-11
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 8581-8587
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2060001466
- Cited by
- 452
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 7.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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