Manipulation of Persistent Free Radicals in Biochar To Activate Persulfate for Contaminant Degradation
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of metals (Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+) and phenolic compounds (PCs: hydroquinone, catechol, and phenol) loaded on biomass on the formation of persistent free radicals (PFRs) in biochar. It was found that metal and phenolic compound treatments not only increased the concentrations of PFRs in biochar but also changed the types of PFRs formed, which indicated that manipulating the amount of metals and PCs in biomass may be an efficient method to regulate PFRs in biochar. These results provided direct evidence to elucidate the mechanism of PFR formation in biochar. Furthermore, the catalytic ability of biochar toward persulfate activation for the degradation of contaminants was evaluated. The results indicated that biochar activates persulfate to produce sulfate radicals (SO4•-) and degraded polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) efficiently. It was found that both the concentration and type of PFRs were the dominant factors controlling the activation of persulfate by biochar and that superoxide radical anions account for 20-30% of sulfate radical generation in biochar/persulfate. This conclusion was supported by linear correlations between the concentration of PFRs consumed and the formation of SO4•- and between λ (λ=[formed sulfate radicals]/[consumed PFRs]) and g-factors. The findings of this study provide new methods to manipulate PFR concentration in biochar for the transformation of contaminants and development of new alternative activators for persulfate-based remediation of contaminated soils.
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Both introduction of metal contents (Ni, Cu, Zn, Fe) and phenolic compounds (hydroquinone, catechol, phenol) favour EPFRs formation in biochar.
“Fang et al. found both the introduction of metal contents (i.e., Ni, Cu, Zn, and Fe) and phenolic compounds (i.e., hydroquinone, catechol, and phenol) favour EPFRs formation in biochar.”
From Sustainable remediation with an electroactive biochar system: mechanisms and perspectives (2020) · cites this paper as [89]
Yield and categories of EPFRs on biochar are mainly dominated by the temperature condition corresponding to decomposition of the radical precursor.
“Overall, the yield and categories of EPFRs on biochar are mainly dominated by the temperature condition corresponding to the decomposition of radical precursor.89,97”
From Sustainable remediation with an electroactive biochar system: mechanisms and perspectives (2020) · cites this paper as [89]
Per molecule of •OH leads to consumption of around 12 spins of EPFRs during biochar-induced dissolved oxygen activation.
“Subsequently, Fang et al. further confirmed the critical role of EPFRs during the generation of • OH by biochar-induced dissolved oxygen activation, and per molecule of •OH would lead to a consumption of around 12 spins of EPFRs.89”
From Sustainable remediation with an electroactive biochar system: mechanisms and perspectives (2020) · cites this paper as [89]
Overdose of metal contents has a negative effect on density of EPFRs, and consummation of EPFRs is attributed to self-reduction reactions of metal ion centres and EPFRs.
“The overdose of metal contents presented a negative effect on density of EPFRs, and the consummation of EPFRs was attributed to the self-reduction reactions of metal ion centres and EPFRs.”
From Sustainable remediation with an electroactive biochar system: mechanisms and perspectives (2020) · cites this paper as [89]
Oxygen-centred radicals are the predominant species under relatively low pyrolytic temperature (300-550 C) and short residence time (1-2 h).
“Fang et al. revealed that oxygen-centred radicals were the predominant species under relatively low pyrolytic temperature (300-550 °C) and short residence time (1-2 h).89”
From Sustainable remediation with an electroactive biochar system: mechanisms and perspectives (2020) · cites this paper as [89]
ROS generation pathways primarily come from EPFRs-induced oxygen molecule activation to produce •O2- and •OH, while both radicals consume free electrons on residual EPFRs to produce more •OH.
“The proposed ROS generation pathways primarily came from the EPFRs-induced oxygen molecules activation to produce • O2 -and • OH, while both these two radicals would consume free electrons on residual EPFRs to produce more • OH.”
From Sustainable remediation with an electroactive biochar system: mechanisms and perspectives (2020) · cites this paper as [89]
PDS activation in a PDS/biochar system is predominantly influenced by types and density of EPFRs, as evidenced by linear correlations between consumption of EPFRs and generated •SO4- amount, or λ = [generated SO4•- amount] / [EPFRs consumption] and g-factor.
“Fang et al. further utilized PDS/biochar activation system for efficient remediation of polychlorinated biphenyl, 89 and found PDS activation was predominantly influenced by types and density of EPFRs, as evidenced by the linear correlations between the consumption of EPFRs and generated • SO4 -amount, or λ = [generated SO4 •-amount] / [EPFRs consumption] and g-factor.”
From Sustainable remediation with an electroactive biochar system: mechanisms and perspectives (2020) · cites this paper as [89]
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- Authors
- Fang, G., Liu, C., Gao, J., Dionysiou, D. D., & Zhou, D.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhou, Dongmei
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2015-04-17
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 5645-5653
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2315405796
- Cited by
- 887
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 99 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 21.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2013CB934303, 2014CB441105)
- Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20141047)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (41401252)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Advanced oxidation water treatment
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Keywords
- persistent free radicals, biochar, persulfate activation, sulfate radicals, polychlorinated biphenyls, phenolic compounds, superoxide, free radical scavenging, soil remediation, pollutant degradation
- MeSH terms
- Anions, Charcoal, Environmental Pollutants, Free Radicals, Iron, Metals, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Sulfates, Superoxides, Temperature, Time Factors, Environmental Restoration and Remediation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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