Quantifying the Total and Bioavailable Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Dioxins in Biochars
Abstract
Biochar soil amendment is advocated to mitigate climate change and improve soil fertility. A concern though, is that during biochar preparation PAHs and dioxins are likely formed. These contaminants can possibly be present in the biochar matrix and even bioavailable to exposed organisms. Here we quantify total and bioavailable PAHs and dioxins in a suite of over 50 biochars produced via slow pyrolysis between 250 and 900 °C, using various methods and biomass from tropical, boreal, and temperate areas. These slow pyrolysis biochars, which can be produced locally on farms with minimum resources, are also compared to biochar produced using the industrial methods of fast pyrolysis and gasification. Total concentrations were measured with a Soxhlet extraction and bioavailable concentrations were measured with polyoxymethylene passive samplers. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 0.07 μg g(-1) to 3.27 μg g(-1) for the slow pyrolysis biochars and were dependent on biomass source, pyrolysis temperature, and time. With increasing pyrolysis time and temperature, PAH concentrations generally decreased. These total concentrations were below existing environmental quality standards for concentrations of PAHs in soils. Total PAH concentrations in the fast pyrolysis and gasification biochar were 0.3 μg g(-1) and 45 μg g(-1), respectively, with maximum levels exceeding some quality standards. Concentrations of bioavailable PAHs in slow pyrolysis biochars ranged from 0.17 ng L(-1) to 10.0 ng L(-1)which is lower than concentrations reported for relatively clean urban sediments. The gasification produced biochar sample had the highest bioavailable concentration (162 ± 71 ng L(-1)). Total dioxin concentrations were low (up to 92 pg g(-1)) and bioavailable concentrations were below the analytical limit of detection. No clear pattern of how strongly PAHs were bound to different biochars was found based on the biochars' physicochemical properties.
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Sludge biochar pyrolyzed at 500°C for 1 h has a maximum fluoroquinolone adsorption capacity of 19.8 ± 0.4 mg/g.
“Their biochar was prepared using pyrolysis of sludge at 500°C for 1h, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 19.8 ± 0.4mg/g.”
From Mechanisms and adsorption capacities of biochar for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from industrial wastewater (2021) · cites this paper as Hale et al. (2012)
Fluoroquinolone adsorption by biochar is positively correlated with volatile matter content of raw sludge.
“It was also found that the adsorption of fluoroquinolones was positively correlated with the amount of volatile matter contained in the raw sludge.”
From Mechanisms and adsorption capacities of biochar for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from industrial wastewater (2021) · cites this paper as Hale et al. (2012)
Digestate left after biochar removal of nitrogen and phosphorus can be used as high-quality fertilizer.
“The digestate left after this process can be used as high-quality fertilizer (Zhang etal. 2013a, b; Hale etal. 2012).”
From Mechanisms and adsorption capacities of biochar for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from industrial wastewater (2021) · cites this paper as Hale et al. 2012
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“The contrasting effect of biochar on soil enzyme activities decomposition may have been driven by differences in (i) the change in soil physical conditions, (ii) the amount of readily decomposable C, or (iii) the presence of toxic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polar pyrolysis condensates or resid…”
Background
- Authors
- Hale, S. E., Lehmann, J., Rutherford, D., Zimmerman, A. R., Bachmann, R. T., Shitumbanuma, V., O’Toole, A., Sundqvist, K. L., Arp, H. P. H., & Cornelissen, G.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NO)
- Cornell University (US)
- United States Geological Survey (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- University of Kuala Lumpur (MY)
- University of Zambia (ZM)
- Soil and Environment Department, Bioforsk, Frederik A Dahls vei 20, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
- Umeå University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Hale, Sarah E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2012-02-27
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 2830-2838
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2088145197
- Cited by
- 634
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 26.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Keywords
- biochar, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, bioavailability, slow pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis, gasification, pyrolysis temperature, biomass sources, soil amendment, Soxhlet extraction, soil quality standards
- MeSH terms
- Biological Availability, Carbon, Charcoal, Dioxins, Environment, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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