The effect of biochars on maize ( Zea mays ) germination
Open accessAbstract
Abstract Biochar made from biosolids, corn stover, eucalyptus, fresh pine or willow pyrolysed at 550°C and incorporated into Manawatu fine sandy loam or Waitarere sand at rates from 0 to 10 t/ha did not significantly affect the germination or early growth (root and coleoptile length, and dry weight) of maize seeds. There were no interactions between type or rate of biochar with soil type. The results suggest that biochar incorporation prior to a maize crop should be investigated as a method of increasing stable soil carbon with the potential for mitigating carbon emissions.
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Biochar made from biosolids, corn stover, eucalyptus, fresh pine or willow pyrolysed at 550 °C and incorporated into Manawatu fine sandy loam or Waitarere sand at rates from 0 to 10 t/ha did not significantly affect the germination of maize seeds.
“In contrast, biochar made from biosolids, corn stover, eucalyptus, fresh pine or willow pyrolysed at 550 °C and incorporated into Manawatu fine sandy loam or Waitarere sand at rates from 0 to 10 t/ha did not significantly affect the germination of maize seeds (Free et al., 2010).”
From Biochar implications for sustainable agriculture and environment: A review (2019) · cites this paper as Free et al., 2010
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“2014) and in maize (Free et al. 2010) that was attributed to better improvement in soil water retentions (Bruun et al.”
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An environmental and economic assessment from bioenergy production and biochar application
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BackgroundCombined Use of Charcoal, Sago Bark Ash, and Urea Mitigate Soil Acidity and Aluminium Toxicity
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“On the other hand, Free et al. (2010) found that there were no impacts of biochar at any rate on the root growth of maize plants.”
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Charcoal and Sago Bark Ash on pH Buffering Capacity and Phosphorus Leaching
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“The possible reason probably maybe that the P uptake mechanism might be specific for maize that increases P uptake when P and water availability are adequate at grain filling stage.([43,50,53]) Similarly, highest P uptake by grain (13.”
BackgroundAssessing the Use of Food Waste Biochar as a Biodynamic Plant Fertilizer
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BackgroundBiochar as a potential inoculant carrier for plant-beneficial bacteria
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“(2012) have found that wheat seed germination increased from 93 to 98% with the addition of biochar from different feedstock at 10 t ha-1, but the same rate had no significant effect on maize seed germination in New Zealand (Free et al., 2010).”
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“Reduction of soil-exchangeable acidity decreases heavy metals such as Al3+, Fe2+, and Mn2+ ions toxicity and this improves maize growth, nutrients uptake, nutrients recovery efficiency, agronomic efficiency, and yield [41].”
BackgroundMethodBiyokömür; Tanımı, Kullanımı ve Tarım Topraklarındaki Etkileri
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“…the active role of biochar on salt stress mitigation, as seen in our soil EC1:5 results Figure 6b. Generally, a few reports indicate that biochar’s positive influence on germination and growth (Solaiman, Daniel, and Lynette 2011) as well as their neutral impact (Free et al. 2010; Sun et al. 2014).”
BackgroundHamidi, N. H., Ahmed, O. H., Omar, L., Ch’ng, H. Y., Johan, P. D., Paramisparam, P., Musah, A. A., & Jalloh, M. B. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15010827 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Biochar extract compounds alter germination and growth of crop seed
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“However, others studying corn growth have found no significant seed germination and root elongation responses due to the presence of several different biochars or their organic compounds (Free et al. 2010).”
BackgroundJan, T., Arif, M. S., Anwar, S., & Muhammad, D. (2023) · Gesunde Pflanzen · doi:10.1007/s10343-023-00872-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In contrast to these findings and ours, certain researchers such as Free et al. (2010) in case of maize and Tammeorg et al. (2014) in case of wheat, turnip rape and faba bean observed no significant or observable yield differences with biochar addition.”
ResultBiochar of Prosopis juliflora for Improving Crops Germination and Growth on Sandy–Loam Soil
Ali, J., Mohammed, A. S., & Mekonnen, A. B. (2023) · Advances in Agriculture · doi:10.1155/2023/1483976 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fedeli, R., Fiaschi, T., de Simone, L., Angiolini, C., Maccherini, S., Loppi, S., & Fanfarillo, E. (2024) · Environments · doi:10.3390/environments11090189 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Greenhouse gas emissions from cultivated dambos from Central Zimbabwe
Nyamadzawo, G. (2016) · University of Zimbabwe Institutional Repository (University of Zimbabwe) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alleviation of aluminum and cadmium toxicity by biochar and its potential toxicity to sorghum
de Almeida, J. B., Santos, L. S., Pandey, S. D., Nunes, C. F., Colen, F., Sampaio, R. A., Frazão, L. A., Pegoraro, R. F., & Fernandes, L. A. (2019) · Semina Ciências Agrárias · doi:10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n1p95 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sarawak, U. M., Tan, I. A. W., TAN, M. C., Sarawak, U. M., SIM, D. H. H., Sarawak, U. M., Lim, L. L. P., Sarawak, U. M., Chin, S. F., & Sarawak, U. M. (2022) · Journal of Sustainability Science and Management · doi:10.46754/jssm.2022.06.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kholiya, N., Bhati, J., & Kumar, A. (2025) · Vegetos · doi:10.1007/s42535-025-01322-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Uddin, M. N., Qian, X., Alamu, S. O., Lee, S. W., & Kang, D. H. (2026) · Biochar X · doi:10.48130/bchax-0026-0009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Biochar: A Potential Alternative for Sustainable Agriculture
Dahiya, H. S., & Budania, Y. K. (2018) · International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences · doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2018.710.044 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
EFFECTS OF BIOCHAR APPLICATION TO SOILS ON SEEDLING GROWTH OF WHEAT
Küçükakyüz, K., Çatav, Ş. S., & Ensarioğlu, K. (2016) · Agriculture & Food · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effect of biochar application on seed germination, early growth and vigor index of okra
Briste, P. S., Nuruzzaman, M., Rahaman, H., Kabir, S., Sarker, A. K., & Khatun, A. (2020)
Use of Biochar for Sustainable Agriculture
Solaiman, Z. M. (2018) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Beneficial effect of biochar application on Lactuca sativa L. growth and morphological propertiesPreprint
Shynar (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5492606/v1
Tunklová, B., Velebil, J., Malaťák, J., & Aniszewska, M. (2026) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants15091292
“Biochar can be produced over a broad temperature range, typically between 200 and 700 ◦ C, and its physicochemical properties strongly depend on feedstock type and pyrolysis parameters, particularly temperature [17–19].”
İlay, R., & Yavuz, E. (2026) · Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management · doi:10.1007/s10163-026-02556-w
“In contrast, Free et al. [43] found near-neutral effects of several biochars on maize germination.”
Demirkıran, A. R., Boydak, E., Tepecik, M., & Ongun, A. R. (2026) · Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.33462/jotaf.1567862
Johan, P. D., Ahmed, O. H., Hasbullah, N. A., Omar, L., Paramisparam, P., Hamidi, N. H., Musah, A. A., & Chowdhury, A. J. K. (2026) · Geology Ecology and Landscapes · doi:10.1080/24749508.2026.2682019
“The amounts of the amendments used were deduced from the literature [charcoal (Free et al., 2010; Ndor et al., 2015) and sago bark ash (Mandre et al., 2006; Ozolincius et al., 2007; Perucci et al., 2008)], where 10 and 5 t ha −1 are equivalent to 360 and 180 g, respectively, for the 7 kg of soil…”
Rombolà, A. G. (2015) · AMS Dottorato Institutional Doctoral Theses Repository (University of Bologna) · doi:10.6092/unibo/amsdottorato/7034
- Authors
- Free, H., McGill, C., Rowarth, J., & Hedley, M.
- Affiliations
- Massey University (NZ)
- New Zealand Biochar Research Centre Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand
- Corresponding author
- Free, HF
- Venue
- New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-4
- ISSN
- 0028-8233 (ISSN-L)
- 1175-8775
- OpenAlex
- W2078562953
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Palmerston North City Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Management and Crop Yield
- Keywords
- biochar, maize, seed germination, seedling growth, biosolids, corn stover, Eucalyptus, pine, willow, pyrolysis, soil carbon sequestration, carbon mitigation, sandy loam soil, sandy soil, soil amendment
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