Effect of Organic and Conventional Crop Rotation, Fertilization, and Crop Protection Practices on Metal Contents in Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Abstract
The effects of organic versus conventional crop management practices (crop rotation, crop protection, and fertility management strategies) on wheat yields and grain metal (Al, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentrations were investigated in a long-term field trial. The interactions between crop management practices and the season that the crop was grown were investigated using univariate and redundancy analysis approaches. Grain yields were highest where conventional fertility management and crop protection practices were used, but growing wheat after a previous crop of grass/clover was shown to partially compensate for yield reductions due to the use of organic fertility management. All metals except for Pb were significantly affected by crop management practices and the year that the wheat was grown. Grain Cd and Cu levels were higher on average when conventional fertility management practices were used. Al and Cu were higher on average when conventional crop protection practices were used. The results demonstrate that there is potential to manage metal concentrations in the diet by adopting specific crop management practices shown to affect crop uptake of metals.
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Organic and conventional crop production may differ significantly in crop rotation designs and fertilisation and crop protection protocols as well as in the type of crop varieties used.
“As a result, organic and conventional crop production may differ significantly in crop rotation designs and fertilisation and crop protection protocols as well as in the type of crop varieties used( 6 – 10 ).”
There is still considerable controversy as to whether the use of organic production standards results in significant and consistent changes in the concentrations of potentially health-promoting and potentially harmful compounds in crops and crop-based foods.
“As a result, there is still considerable controversy as to whether the use of organic production standards results in significant and consistent changes in the concentrations of potentially health-promoting (e.g. antioxidants, (poly)phenolics, vitamins and certain minerals) and potentially harmful (e.g. Cd and Pb) compounds in crops and crop-based foods( 7 , 19 – 22 ).”
Both genetic and environmental/agronomic factors are known to affect the concentrations of N, [nitrate/nitrite], proteins, sugars, antioxidants/(poly)phenolics, Cd and pesticides in crops.
“This is not surprising as both genetic and environmental/agronomic factors are known to affect the concentrations of N, , , proteins, sugars, antioxidants/(poly)phenolics, Cd and pesticides in crops( 7 , 9 – 12 , 20 , 47 – 52 , 62 ).”
Differences in Cd contamination levels between organic and conventional winter wheat are mainly linked to differences in fertilisation regimens (especially high mineral P inputs in conventional systems), although contrasting rotation designs also contributed.
“Differences in Cd contamination levels between organic and conventional winter wheat have recently been shown to be mainly linked to differences in fertilisation regimens (especially the high mineral P inputs used in conventional farming systems), although contrasting rotation designs also contributed to differences in Cd concentrations between organic and conventional wheat( 7 ).”
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- Authors
- Cooper, J., Sanderson, R., Cakmak, I., Ozturk, L., Shotton, P., Carmichael, A., Haghighi, R. S., Tetard-Jones, C., Volakakis, N., Eyre, M., & Leifert, C.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
- Nafferton Ecological Farming Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development (AFRD), Newcastle University, Stocksfield, Northumberland, NE42 7XD, U.K.
- Islamic Azad University, Mashhad (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Leifert, Carlo
- Venue
- Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2011-04-15
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 4715-4724
- ISSN
- 0021-8561 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5118
- OpenAlex
- W2080056544
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 5.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Sabanci University (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Micronutrient Interactions and Effects
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Agricultural Science and Fertilization
- Keywords
- organic farming, conventional farming, crop rotation, fertilization, crop protection, wheat, cadmium, copper, aluminum, nickel, lead, zinc, grain yield, long-term field experiment
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Fertilization, Fertilizers, Metals, Soil Pollutants, Triticum
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