Gender differences in responses to traumatic events: A prospective study

Freedman, Sara A.; Gluck, Natali; Tuval‐Mashiach, Rivka; Brandes, Dalia; Peri, Tuvia; Shalev, Arieh Y.

doi:10.1023/a:1020189425935

Cited by 112Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchTraumatic Brain Injury ResearchChild Abuse and Trauma

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Gender differences in responses to traumatic events: A prospective study

Freedman, Sara A., Gluck, Natali, Tuval‐Mashiach, Rivka, Brandes, Dalia, Peri, Tuvia, Shalev, Arieh Y.·2002·Journal of Traumatic Stress

DOI 10.1023/a:1020189425935

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Gender differences in psychological responses to motor vehicle accidents were examined as part of a large-scale prospective study of PTSD. Participants were recruited from an emergency room (n = 275) and interviewed 1 week, 1 month, and 4 months later. No gender differences were seen in the prevalence or recovery from PTSD, or in symptom levels at 1- and 4 months. Women had a higher prevalence of lifetime- and postaccident generalized anxiety disorder. Gender differences were found regarding the type, but not the total number, of potentially traumatic events previously experienced. These results suggest that gender differences in responses to traumatic events are not explained by exposure as such, but rather may result from gender-specific attributes of the event.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1023/a:1020189425935

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Males and females do not differ in their exposure to the overall number of adversities in childhood but rather in their exposure to specific types of childhood maltreatment.
“The finding that gender did not moderate the association between childhood maltreatment and suicide attempts seems to be consistent with the extant literature which suggests that males and females do not differ in their exposure to the overall number of adversities in childhood but rather in their exposure to specific types of childhood maltreatment (Freedman et al., 2002).”
From Childhood maltreatment and adult suicidality: a comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as Freedman et al., 2002

Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Community: The 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma
Breslau, N., Kessler, R. C., Chilcoat, H. D., Schultz, L. R., Davis, G. C., & Andreski, P. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.626 · Cited by 2,407
Psychological predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents.
Ehlers, A., Mayou, R. A., & Bryant, B. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.107.3.508 · Cited by 1,059
Sex differences in posttraumatic stress disorder
Breslau, N. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830230082012 · Cited by 783

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 31

10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · DOI · Paper page
10.1002/jts.2490080106 · DOI · Paper page
10.1016/0005-7967(95)00058-6 · DOI
10.1017/S0033291799008612 · DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810270028003 · DOI
10.1097/00005053-199311000-00006 · DOI
First M. B., 1995, Structured Clinical Interview for Axis I DSM‐IV Disorders—Patient edition (SCID‐I/P, Version 2.0)
10.1016/S0005-7894(89)80067-X · DOI · Paper page
Green B. L., 1996, Measurement of stress, trauma and adaptation, 366
10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004 · DOI · Paper page
10.1037/0022-006X.56.1.85 · DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012 · DOI · Paper page
10.1192/bjp.169.6.726 · DOI
10.1176/ajp.151.6.902 · DOI
10.1176/ajp.154.12.1696 · DOI
10.1176/ajp.150.10.1517 · DOI
10.1093/milmed/158.8.516 · DOI
10.1176/ajp.154.11.1582 · DOI
10.1016/0883-9417(93)90003-F · DOI
10.1037/0022-006X.55.2.251 · DOI
10.1192/bjp.170.6.558 · DOI
10.1176/ajp.155.5.630 · DOI
10.1176/ajp.153.2.219 · DOI
10.1176/ajp.153.4.556 · DOI
Spielberger C. D., 1983, Manual for Stale Trait Anxiety Inventory
10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01509.x · DOI
Stretch R. H., 1998, Effects of pre‐military and military trauma on the development of post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms in female and male active duty soldiers, Military Medicine, 163, 466, 10.1093/milmed/163.7.466 · DOI
10.1207/s15327752jpa6403_2 · DOI
10.1177/0013916596283004 · DOI
10.1002/jts.2490080107 · DOI
10.1007/978-1-4615-4177-6_11 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research.
Tolin, D. F., & Foa, E. B. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.959 · Cited by 2,197
Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives
Altemus, M., Sarvaiya, N., & Neill Epperson, C. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.05.004 · Cited by 1,413
“Two recent meta-analyses found that when controlling for type of trauma, women do seem to be more likely than men to develop PTSD in response to a number of stressors including combat (Crum-Cianflone and Jacoson, 2014), refugee status, accidents, witnessing death and illness/injury (Freedman et al., 2002; Tolin and Fo…”
Background
Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder.
Olff, M., Langeland, W., Draijer, N., & Gersons, B. P. R. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.183 · Cited by 1,058
What Is a “Mood Stabilizer”? An Evidence-Based Response
Bauer, M. S., & Mitchner, L. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.1.3 · Cited by 864
A memory-based model of posttraumatic stress disorder: Evaluating basic assumptions underlying the PTSD diagnosis.
Rubin, D. C., Berntsen, D., & Bohni, M. K. (2008) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0013397 · Cited by 533
Childhood maltreatment and adult suicidality: a comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis
Angelakis, I., Gillespie, E. L., & Panagioti, M. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718003823 · Cited by 479
“…and suicide attempts seems to be consistent with the extant literature which suggests that males and females do not differ in their exposure to the overall number of adversities in childhood but rather in their exposure to specific types of childhood maltreatment (Freedman et al., 2002).”
Result
Gender and Mental health
Balla, D. (2013) · doi:10.9790/0837-1243234 · Cited by 407
Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research
Tolin, D. F., & Foa, E. B. (2008) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/1942-9681.s.1.37 · Cited by 376
Development, Use, and Psychometric Properties of the Trauma History Questionnaire
Hooper, L. M., Stockton, P., KRUPNICK, J. L., & Green, B. L. (2011) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2011.572035 · Cited by 450
A prospective longitudinal study of the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from childbirth events
Alcorn, K. L., O’Donovan, A., Patrick, J., Creedy, D. K., & Devilly, G. J. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709992224 · Cited by 344
“2003), in other PTSD studies (Freedman et al .”
Sex differences in the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system and its regulation by stress
Bangasser, D. A., Wiersielis, K., & Khantsis, S. (2015) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.021 · Cited by 278
“Women are roughly twice as likely as men to suffer from certain psychiatric disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression (Breslau, 2002; Freedman et al., 2002; Kessler, 2003; Kessler et al., 2012; Tolin and Foa, 2006).”
Background
The weaker sex? Gender and post‐traumatic stress disorder
Gavranidou, M., & Rosner, R. (2003) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.10103 · Cited by 224
Posttraumatic disorders following injury: an empirical and methodological review.
O'Donnell, M., Creamer, M., Bryant, R., Schnyder, U., & Shalev, A. (2003) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(03)00036-9 · Cited by 210
“, Kessler, Sonnega, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995) or road traffic accidents (Freedman et al., 2002).”
Self-citation
Cumulative trauma and current posttraumatic stress disorder status in general population and inmate samples.
Briere, J., Agee, E. R., & Dietrich, A. M. (2016) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000107 · Cited by 229
Surviving the Holocaust: A meta-analysis of the long-term sequelae of a genocide.
Barel, E., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Sagi‐Schwartz, A., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0020339 · Cited by 222
Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: A search for clarity in a conflicting literature
Zoladz, P. R., & Diamond, D. M. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.024 · Cited by 335
“A decade ago, Freedman et al. (2002) and ehuda (2002b) independently discussed flaws with the view hat female gender was an intrinsic vulnerability factor for PTSD. reedman et al. (2002) expressed general criticism of this area of esearch, stating that “Research regarding gender differences in the…”
Animal model for PTSD: From clinical concept to translational research
Cohen, H., Kozlovsky, N., Alona, C., Matar, M. A., & Zohar, J. (2011) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.04.023 · Cited by 128
“Virtually every large-scale epidemiologic study has documented a greater prevalence of PTSD in women than men (Breslau et al., 1999; Brewin et al., 2000; Freedman et al., 2002; Robin et al., 1997; Olff et al., 2007).”
Background
Anxiety and depression following myocardial infarction: gender differences in a 5-year prospective study
Bjerkeset, O. A., Nordahl, H. M., Mykletun, A., Holmen, J., & Dahl, A. A. (2005) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.07.011 · Cited by 104
“When exposed to a variety of stressors or life events, women experience markedly higher levels of distress and anxiety than men do [22,23,27,28].”
Background
Gender-related qualitative differences in baseline and post-stress anxiety responses are not reflected in the incidence of criterion-based PTSD-like behaviour patterns
Mazor, A., Matar, M., Kaplan, Z., Kozlovsky, N., Zohar, J., & Cohen, H. (2009) · World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622970701561383 · Cited by 103
“The authors suggest that gender differences might be related to the type of the traumatic experience, but not the total number of PTEs previously experienced (Freedman et al. 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Inflaming sex differences in mood disorders
Rainville, J. R., & Hodes, G. E. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0124-7 · Cited by 112
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Stress-Related Disorders
Shalev, A. Y. (2009) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.001 · Cited by 142
Self-citation
Factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder of nurses exposed to corona virus disease 2019 in China
Wang, Y.-X., Guo, H., Du, X.-W., Song, W., Lu, C., & Hao, W.-N. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000020965 · Cited by 106
“This phenomenon might be attributable to the fact that the injuries sustained by the men after experiencing physical violence were more severe than those of the women.([30]) This discrepancy alsomay be explained by the fact that males display a higher basal cortisol level (during fertility years) associated with lower…”
Background
Prevalence and correlates of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among Chinese healthcare workers exposed to physical violence: a cross-sectional study
Shi, L., Wang, L., Jia, X., Li, Z., Mu, H., Liu, X., Peng, B., Li, A., & Fan, L. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016810 · Cited by 102
Long-lasting behavioral effects of juvenile trauma in an animal model of PTSD associated with a failure of the autonomic nervous system to recover
Cohen, H., Kaplan, Z., Matar, M. A., Loewenthal, U., Zohar, J., & Richter-Levin, G. (2007) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2006.11.003 · Cited by 84
Psychological symptoms of Turkish children and adolescents after the 1999 earthquake: Exposure, gender, location, and time duration
Şahin, N. H., Batıgün, A. D., & Yılmaz, B. (2007) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20217 · Cited by 88
Bidirectional associations between daily PTSD symptoms and sleep disturbances: A systematic review
Slavish, D. C., Briggs, M., Fentem, A., Messman, B., & Contractor, A. A. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101623 · Cited by 99
Gender Differences in Animal Models of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Cohen, H., & Yehuda, R. (2011) · Disease Markers · doi:10.3233/dma-2011-0778 · Cited by 73
“These data suggest that retrospective reports of trauma exposure or PTSD may be subject to gender differences in recall bias or attribution of lifetime events as traumatic [6].”
Background
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Trajectories in Child Sexual Abuse Victims: An Analysis of Sex Differences Using the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being
Maikovich‐Fong, A. K., Koenen, K. C., & Jaffee, S. R. (2009) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9300-x · Cited by 67
“A variety of reasons for this purported female vulnerability have been proposed, including neurological and hormonal sex differences (Teicher et al. 2004; Olff et al. 2007), sex differences in patterns of cognitive appraisals, processing and coping styles following exposure to PTEs (Gavranidou & Rosner 2003; Olff et a…”
Background
Factor structure of PTSD, and relation with gender in trauma survivors from India
Charak, R., Armour, C., Elklit, A., Angmo, D., Elhai, J. D., & Koot, H. M. (2014) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.25547 · Cited by 79
“In addition, one prospective study on victims of motor vehicle collisions found no gender difference on prevalence or recovery from PTSD, across 1- and 4-month time periods (Freedman et al., 2002).”
Background
Complex posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults receiving public sector outpatient substance abuse disorder treatment
Lavasani, F., & Smith, S. F. (2008) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066350701615078 · Cited by 64
“…of female gender with PTSD and complex PTSD (e.g., Flannery et al. 2001), but are consistent with other studies with Israeli accident survivors (Freedman et al. 2002), police officers (Pole et al. 2001), and youths in psychiatric treatment (Lipschitz et al. 2000) or the juvenile justice system…”
Result
Managing employee trauma: Dealing with the emotional fallout from 9-11
Mainiero, L. A., & Gibson, D. E. (2003) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/ame.2003.10954782 · Cited by 64
Psychiatric diagnoses, trauma, and suicidiality
Floen, S. K., & Elklit, A. (2007) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1744-859x-6-12 · Cited by 52
Are Gender Differences in DSM-5 PTSD Symptomatology Explained by Sexual Trauma?
Guina, J., Nahhas, R. W., Kawalec, K., & Farnsworth, S. (2016) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260516677290 · Cited by 52
“With few exceptions (Chung & Breslau, 2008; Freedman et al., 2002), most previous research demonstrates gender differences in PTSSs.”
Result
Head Injury and Loss of Consciousness Raise the Likelihood of Developing and Maintaining PTSD Symptoms
Roitman, P., Gilad, M., Ankri, Y. L. E., & Shalev, A. Y. (2013) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21862 · Cited by 43
Self-citation
Prevalence and Positive Correlates of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among Chinese Patients with Hematological Malignancies: A Cross-Sectional Study
Liu, L., Yang, Y., Wang, Z.-Y., Wu, H. L., Wang, Y., & Wang, L. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145103 · Cited by 46
“Some previous studies have identified the gender difference in responses to various traumatic events [50,51].”
Background
Incident mental disorders in the aftermath of traumatic events: A prospective-longitudinal community study
Asselmann, E., Wïttchen, H., Lieb, R., Perkonigg, A., & Beesdo‐Baum, K. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.004 · Cited by 48
“…mental disorders should be considered: Females were shown to be less likely to experience traumatic events as compared to males, but to be at increased risk of developing subsequent PTSD and closely associated symptoms and disorders (Breslau, 2002; Freedman et al., 2002; Tolin and Foa, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
Role of neuroinflammation and sex hormones in war-related PTSD.
Mendoza, C., Barreto, G., Avila-Rodriguez, M. F., & Echeverría, V. (2016) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2016.05.016 · Cited by 43
Psychological distress after physical injury: A one-year follow-up study of conscious hospitalised patients
Skogstad, L., Tøien, K., Hem, E., Ranhoff, A. H., Sandvik, L., & Ekeberg, Ø. (2012) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2012.10.001 · Cited by 44
The failing cascade: Comorbid post traumatic stress- and opioid use disorders
Elman, I., & Borsook, D. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.023 · Cited by 52
Does psychological adjustment of melanoma survivors differs between genders?
Hamama-Raz, Y. (2012) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1889 · Cited by 40
Health status and mortality in Holocaust survivors living in Jerusalem 40–50 years later
Collins, C., Burazeri, G., Gofin, J., & Kark, J. D. (2004) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/b:jots.0000048953.27980.18 · Cited by 39
“Most studies on response to trauma show that women are more likely than men to develop PTSD and other mental disorders upon exposure to traumatic events (Blanchard et al., 1995; Brave Heart, 1999; Breslau et al., 1991; Freedman et al., 2002 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
Predictors of posttraumatic stress-related impairment in victims of terrorism and ongoing conflict in Israel
Chipman, K. J., Palmieri, P. A., Canetti, D., Johnson, R. J., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2010) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2010.515304 · Cited by 39
“Women may be more vulnerable to impairment by symptoms, as they have also been shown to be more vulnerable to PTSD (Breslau, Davis, Andreski, & Peterson, 1991; Freedman et al., 2002).”
Background
Gender and ethnicity differences in the prevalence of traumatic events: evidence from a New Zealand community sample
Flett, R. A., Kazantzis, N., Long, N. R., MacDonald, C., & Millar, M. (2004) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1014 · Cited by 37
Voxel-based morphometric gray matter correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder
Weber, M., Killgore, W. D. S., Rosso, I. M., Britton, J. C., Schwab, Z. J., Weiner, M. R., Simon, N. M., Pollack, M. H., & Rauch, S. L. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.04.004 · Cited by 35
“Despite potentially higher prevalence of traumatic events in men, prior work suggests that women seem more vulnerable to develop PTSD following a traumatic event (Gavranidou & Rosner, 2003), though there is no consistent evidence for gender-specific symptom presentation in PTSD (Freedman et al., 2002).”
Mental Health Impact of the World Trade Center Attacks on Displaced Chinese Workers
de Bocanegra, H. T., & Brickman, E. (2004) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/b:jots.0000014677.20261.dd · Cited by 34
“In a prospective study of gender reactions to traumatic events, Freedman et al. (2000) did not identify any gender differences in likelihood to develop PTSD, PTSD symptom severity, or recovery from PTSD.”
Background
War experiences and psychotic symptoms among former child soldiers in Northern Uganda: the mediating role of post-war hardships – the WAYS Study
Amone-P'Olak, K., Ovuga, E., Croudace, T., Jones, P., & Abbott, R. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0873-5 · Cited by 31
“Although previous studies do not indicate gender difference in the absolute number of WE, female and male survivors might be exposed to different types of WE [19, 20].”
Application of data pooling to longitudinal studies of early post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): the International Consortium to Predict PTSD (ICPP) project
Qi, W., Ratanatharathorn, A., Gevonden, M., Bryant, R., Delahanty, D., Matsuoka, Y., Olff, M., deRoon-Cassini, T., Schnyder, U., Seedat, S., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1476442 · Cited by 26
“…gender, lifetime trauma exposure, prior mental illness, education, and recovery environment (Brewin, Andrews, & Valentine, 2000; Bryant et al., 2012; Freedman et al., 2002; Gabert-Quillen et al., 2012; Koren, Arnon, & Klein, 1999; Macklin et al., 1998; Ozer, Best, Lipsey, & Weiss, 2003), to…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Does acute stress disorder predict post-traumatic stress disorder in traffic accident victims? Analysis of a self-report inventory
Fuglsang, A. K., Moergeli, H., & Schnyder, U. (2004) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480410006278 · Cited by 36
“This could explain why not all studies on gender differences detected female gender as a risk factor (29, 30).”
Background
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the German Armed Forces: a retrospective study in inpatients of a German army hospital
Bandelow, B., Koch, M., Zimmermann, P. L., Biesold, K.-H., Wedekind, D., & Falkai, P. (2012) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-012-0289-8 · Cited by 25
“Although men are more likely to experience trauma, the likelihood of developing PTSD is higher in women [9, 26, 64].”
Background
Distinctive cardiac autonomic dysfunction following stress exposure in both sexes in an animal model of PTSD
Koresh, O., Kaplan, Z., Zohar, J., Matar, M. A., Geva, A. B., & Cohen, H. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.024 · Cited by 25
Psychological Maltreatment and its Relationship with Negative Affect in Men and Women
Chirichella-Besemer, D., & Motta, R. (2008) · Journal of Emotional Abuse · doi:10.1080/10926790802480380 · Cited by 22
“This finding is consistent with that of Freedman et al. (2002 ), who failed to find gender differences in motor vehicle accident victims diagnosed with PTSD.”
Result
Gender, Distress, and Coping in Response to Terrorism
Sever, I., Somer, E., Ruvio, A., & Soref, E. (2008) · Affilia · doi:10.1177/0886109908314317 · Cited by 22
“Conversely, Freedman et al. (2002) concluded that women do not have a greater sensitivity to traumatic stress but, rather, normally accentuate responses to specific elements of some traumatic events.”
Background
Reactions of staff members and lay people to family presence during resuscitation: the effect of visible bleeding, resuscitation outcome and gender.
Itzhaki, M., Bar-Tal, Y., & Barnoy, S. (2012) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05883.x · Cited by 21
“Studies show that women have high sensitivity to stressors and are more likely than men to develop mental, physical and emotional disorders, such as depression and emotional exhaustion, when exposed to a traumatic episode or experiences (Freedman et al. 2002).”
Background
Prevalence, determinants and care-seeking behaviour for anxiety and depression in Nepalese population: a secondary analysis of data from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2022
Pandey, A., Adhikari, B., Bista, B., Lamichhane, B., Joshi, D., C, S. P. K., Sharma, S., & Baral, S. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078582 · Cited by 20
The association between childhood trauma and lifetime suicide attempts among a sample of male prisoners: A pilot observational study
Capuzzi, E., Caldiroli, A., Besana, F., Tagliabue, I., Capellazzi, M., Cova, F., Rubelli, P., Sergio, M. R., Truisi, E., Buoli, M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102180 · Cited by 20
The Dynamic Relations Among Peritraumatic Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: An Experience Sampling Study During Wartime
Gelkopf, M., Pickman, L. L., Carlson, E. B., & Greene, T. (2019) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22374 · Cited by 21
Longitudinal associations between PTSD and sleep disturbances among World Trade Center responders
Slavish, D. C., Ruggero, C. J., Briggs, M., Messman, B., Contractor, A. A., Miao, J., Oltmanns, J. R., Waszczuk, M. A., Luft, B. J., & Kotov, R. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.11.021 · Cited by 18
Posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of the March 11 attacks in Madrid admitted to a hospital emergency room: 6-month follow-up
Fraguas, D., Terán, S., Conejo-Galindo, J., Medina, Ó., Cortón, E. S., Ferrando, L., Gabriel, R., & Arango, C. (2006) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.03.003 · Cited by 20
“However, some studies have not found such differences [12,14].”
Background
Peritraumatic Reaction Courses During War: Gender, Serious Mental Illness, and Exposure
Gelkopf, M., Pickman, L. L., Grinapol, S., Werbeloff, N., Carlson, E. B., & Greene, T. (2017) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2017.1286893 · Cited by 21
Sex and Gender Differences in Psychosocial Risk Profiles Among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease — the THORESCI-Gender Study
van den Houdt, S. C. M., Mommersteeg, P. M. C., Widdershoven, J. W. M. G., & Kupper, N. H. M. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-023-10170-5 · Cited by 15
“…also exist in psychological risk factors, apparent in higher lifetime rates for depression [31] and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) [32, 33], and increased susceptibility to the onset of (traumatic) stress-related psychiatric disorders in women [34], even though the number of…”
Background
Factors associated with psychotic symptoms among a sample of male prisoners with substance use disorder: A cross-sectional study
Capuzzi, E., Caldiroli, A., Besana, F., Cova, F., Buoli, M., & Clerici, M. (2020) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108104 · Cited by 20
Fear, Functioning, and Coping During Exposure to a Continuous Security Threat
Nuttman‐Shwartz, O. (2013) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2013.763551 · Cited by 14
“In cases of continuous exposure to threat, as in the case of one-time traumatic events, women were found to show more fear reactions than men (Freedman et al., 2002; Laufer & Solomon, 2009).”
Background
Gender Disparities in the Mental Health of Urban Survivors of Trauma
Ghafoori, B., Barragan, B., & Palinkas, L. A. (2013) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2013.835016 · Cited by 13
“…trauma studies suggest that women have a higher likelihood of PTSD (Tolin & Foa, 2008) and a few trauma studies suggest women have a higher likelihood of depression (Weissman et al., 2005), but the literature is not altogether conclusive (Freedman et al., 2002; Yasan, Saka, Ozkan, & Ertem, 2009).”
Background
Sex and the noradrenergic system
Joshi, N., & Chandler, D. J. (2020) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00012-6 · Cited by 15
PTSD personality subtypes in women exposed to intimate-partner violence.
Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., & Duranceau, S. (2014) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000003 · Cited by 12
“Women typically report a higher lifetime incidence of rape and sexual assault and men a higher lifetime incidence of physical assault and combat experiences; however, differences in PTSD rates across sex are not robust over a lifetime (Freedman et al, 2002).”
Background
Gender Differences and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Role of Trauma Type and Frequency of Exposure
Gehrke, A., & Violanti, J. (2006) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1534765606294992 · Cited by 11
Measures of Psychosocial Stress and Stressful Exposures
Patterson, S. L., Henson, S. J. S., & Prather, A. A. (2020) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.24228 · Cited by 8
“The THQ has been culturally adapted and translated into Portuguese (37), Spanish (38), Hebrew (39), Kurdish (40), French, Danish, Urdu, Icelandic, Japanese, and Vietnamese.”
Interrupting traumatic memories in the emergency department: a randomized controlled pilot study
Freedman, S., Eitan, R., & Weiniger, C. F. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1750170 · Cited by 7
“The sample was 75% male, which might impact PTSD development rates, although previous studies from this ED population have consistently found no gender differences for PTSD development (Freedman et al., 2002; Shalev & Freedman, 2005).”
Self-citation
Late Effects of Trauma: PTSD in Holocaust Survivors
Prot, K. (2009) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325020902925506 · Cited by 8
“A majority of authors investigating responses to traumatic events indicate that women are at more risk for PTSD symptoms than men (Blanchard, Hickling, & Taylor, 1995 ; Brave Heart, 1999 ; Breslau, Davis, Andreski, & Peterson, 1991 ; Freedman et al, 2002 ; Kessler et al, 1995 ).”
Background
What Are the Predictors of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Among Road Traffic Accident Survivors
Sabahi, Z., Hasani, P., Salehi-pourmehr, H., Beheshti, R., & Sadeghi-Bazargani, H. (2024) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001739 · Cited by 7
Are women breaking the glass ceiling? A gendered analysis of the duration of sick leave in Spain
Martín‐Román, Á. L., Moral, A., & Pinillos-Franco, S. (2023) · International Journal of Health Economics and Management · doi:10.1007/s10754-023-09351-2 · Cited by 7
“Moreover, women tend to pre-sent higher odds of dysphoria, anxiety, and depression after these types of surgical interventions or traumatic events, thus expanding their sick leave durations (Freedman et al., 2002; Kempen et al., 2003; Modica et al., 2014; Oksuzyan et al., 2018).”
Background
Identifying the trauma recovery needs of maltreated children: An examination of child welfare workers’ effectiveness in screening for traumatic stress
Whitt‐Woosley, A., Sprang, G., & Royse, D. D. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.05.009 · Cited by 9
“…of trauma exposure, other commonly experienced forms of psychopathology for trauma-exposed individuals include depression, grief, symptoms of psychosis, panic and anxiety (Briere & Scott, 2006; Falsetti & Resnick, 1997; Freedman et al., 2002; Kessler et al., 1995; Shear & Smith-Caroff, 2002).”
Background
Effect of Gender Roles and Workplace Violence on the Professional Quality of Life and Wellbeing at Work Among Child Protection Workers.
Dufour, R., Juster, R., & Geoffrion, S. (2020) · Annals of Work Exposures and Health · doi:10.1093/annweh/wxaa099 · Cited by 6
Swissair Flight 111 Disaster Response Impacts: Lessons Learned From the Voices of Disaster Volunteers
Mitchell, T. L., Walters, W., & Stewart, S. (2006) · Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention · doi:10.1093/brief-treatment/mhj011 · Cited by 6
Sensory modulation and trauma-related symptoms during rocket attacks
Charny, S., Cao, G., Gafter, L., Bar‐Shalita, T., & Lahav, Y. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2213110 · Cited by 6
“Specifically, women (Brunet et al., 2001; Freedman et al., 2002; Irish et al., 2011; Neria et al., 2010), younger individuals (Hamam et al., 2021), and individuals with a history of psychiatric disorders (Gelkopf et al., 2017) have been found to have higher levels of distress or symptomatology…”
Background
PTSD and Associated Mental Health Consequences of Motor Vehicle Collisions
O'Donnell, M., Creamer, M., & Ludwig, G. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-045048-3.00013-0 · Cited by 5
Prevalence, Determinants and Care Seeking Behavior for Anxiety and Depression in Nepalese Population: An Analysis of Nepal Demographic and Health Survey Data 2022Preprint
Pandey, A., Adhikari, B., Bista, B., Lamichhane, B., Joshi, D., Kc, S., Sharma, S., & Baral, S. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.07.22.23293031 · Cited by 4
Retrospective Analysis of Gender Differences in Reaction to Media Coverage of Crisis Events: New Insights on the Justice and Care Orientations
Mainiero, L. A., Gibson, D. E., & Sullivan, S. E. (2008) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9365-3 · Cited by 4
“This study was consistent with other research on gender differences in response to disasters (Freedman et al, 2002) and specifically associated with the events of September 11th, 2001 (Pulcino et al., 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Gender differences in the duration of sick leave: Economics or biology?
Martín‐Román, Á. L., Moral, A., & Pinillos-Franco, S. (2026) · Economics and Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2026.101573 · Cited by 3
Alteration in cerebral blood flow, kynurenines with respect to mood profile in freshly recruited armed forces personnel
Verma, K., Amitabh, Chandra, M., Prasad, D. N., Debnath, C., Mohanty, H., Kohli, E., & Reddy, M. P. K. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.02.022 · Cited by 4
Emergency Department Trauma
Richmond, T., & Jacoby, S. F. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-045048-3.00005-1 · Cited by 3
Female Risk Factors for Post-Infarction Depression and Anxiety: Trial Design
Liblik, K., Hu, R., Mensour, E. A., Foldes-Busque, G., Sedlak, T., Udell, J., Mulvagh, S., & Johri, A. (2022) · The Cardiology · doi:10.1159/000528386 · Cited by 2
Effectiveness of Group Psychotherapy Among Women with Multiple Traumatic Life Events: A Pilot Study in the Southeast Anatolian Region
Sezgin, U., & Punamäki, R. (2008) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325020802173694 · Cited by 2
“Women more often than men are subjected to sexual assault, rape, and domestic violence, whereas men more often are exposed to community and military violence, as well as accidents (Breslau et al, 1999 ; Freedman et al, 2002 ).”
Background
COVID-19 Symptoms and Mental Health Outcomes among Italian Healthcare Workers: A Latent Class Analysis
Foti, G., Merlo, L., Finstad, G. L., & Giorgi, G. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12141403 · Cited by 1
“In line with the high scores on the PSI-4 scale, women report acute emotional responses more frequently than men [50], and experience intense fear, panic, depression and anxiety as well as intrusive thoughts and avoidance [51].”
Anxiety disorders in women
Yonkers, K., Howell, H. B., Sevar, K., & Castle, D. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107045132.019 · Cited by 1
Cognitive Flexibility in the Context of Stress and Depressive Disorders
Gabrys, R. L. (2017) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2017-11965
Catastrophic Wildfires & Suicide
Hubbard, C., Abashidze, N., Hennighausen, H., & James, A. (2026) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-026-01100-6
“First, exposure to treatment may be gender specific (Freedman et al. 2002).”
Oil shocks & suicide
Hubbard, C., James, A., & Scott, M. (2026) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2026.109530
LEGAL PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF WOMEN IN AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR
Arif, S. (2018) · doi:10.20884/1.jdh.2018.18.2.1902
Stress and Animal Models of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Cohen, H., Richter‐Levin, G., & Zohar, J. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118083222.ch19
Fathers and Traumatized Youth: Key Variables of Gender, Emotion, and Recovery Needs
Trahan, M. H., & Cheung, M. (2008) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1080/19361520802314948
Detection of urban spot in the plain of Mina (Western Algeria)
Ahmed, H., Djillali, B., Djamel, A., & Abdelkrim, B. (2021) · doi:10.31396/biodiv.jour.2021.12.1.155.169

Authors: Freedman, S. A., Gluck, N., Tuval‐Mashiach, R., Brandes, D., Peri, T., & Shalev, A. Y.
Affiliations: Hadassah Medical Center (IL)
Corresponding author: Freedman, Sara A.
ORCID: Freedman, Sara A.
Tuval‐Mashiach, Rivka
Peri, Tuvia
Shalev, Arieh Y.
Venue: Journal of Traumatic Stress
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2002-10
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Pages: 407-413
ISSN: 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
1573-6598
DOI: 10.1023/a:1020189425935
OpenAlex: W2114210242
Cited by: 112
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 3.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1003 d)
Locations: Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Public Health Service
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-50379, R01MH050379)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: gender differences, post-traumatic stress disorder, motor vehicle accidents, traumatic events, generalized anxiety disorder, PTSD prevalence, PTSD recovery, potentially traumatic events, women
MeSH terms: Accidents, Traffic, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Prevalence, Recovery of Function

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Gender differences in responses to traumatic events: A prospective study

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Metadata

Record

About these checks