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Cognitive Inflexibility Among Ruminators and Nonruminators

Davis, Robert N., Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan·2000·Cognitive Therapy and Research

DOI 10.1023/a:1005591412406

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Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L. E., & Larson, J. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.92 · Cited by 932 · cited 6×
“…to ruminate about their depressive symptoms 1 month after their loss were more severely depressed 6 months after their loss than bereaved people who did not tend to ruminate, even after taking into account initial levels of depressive symptoms at 1 month post-loss (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994).”
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“Further effort to integrate tasks to decrease rumination should however be considered given the association with reduced performance on objective cognitive tests measuring cognitive flexibility and inhibitory systems (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Joormann, 2010).”
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“…attention are associated with depressive rumination, as reflected in repetitive brooding about negative personal concerns and/or about the implications, causes, and meanings of negative emotions (Altamirano et al. 2010; Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema 2000; cf. Wilkinson and Goodyer 2006, in adolescents).”
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“…2010; Mathews & McLeod, 2005) and further linked to the tendency to ruminate in adult populations M AN US CR IP T AC CE PT ED ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 3 (Altamirano, Miyake, & Whitmer, 2010; Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Koster, De Lissnyder, Derakhshan, & De Raedt, 2011; Whitmer & Banich, 2007).”
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“In contrast, rumination is characterised by an inflexible cognitive style (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000).”
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“This maps onto the cognitive inflexibility that plays an important role in depression (Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Houston et al., 2004; Joormann et al., 2011; Remijnse et al., 2009, 2013).”
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“Alternatively, depression may directly impair performance (Hindmarch et al., 2000) on this task, or performance of the depressed groups may have been negatively influenced by off-task rumination ( Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Lyubomirsky & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1995).”
Background
Validierung einer deutschen Version des Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire (RTS-D)
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“It impairs cognitive flexibility and problem-solving abilities [51], making it more difficult for individuals to disengage from negative thoughts.”
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“That is, some studies use the terms cognitive rigidity or cognitive flexibility to refer to the contingency aspect (e.g., R. N. Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Deveney & Deldin, 2006; Murphy, Michael, & Sahakian, 2012); others use the same terms to refer to the divergency aspect (e.g., Chrysikou et…”
Background
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“When assessing rumination as a potential mediator linking interpretation biases and depression symptoms, all studies to date have been cross-sectional in design (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Everaert, Grahek, et al., 2017; Lo et al., 2008; Wisco et al., 2014).”
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“The results of previous research suggest an association between cognitive control deficits and high levels of rumination in dysphoric and depressed adults (Altamirano et al. 2010, Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema 2000).”
Result
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“In this context it is also interesting that individuals high in trait rumination perform less well on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, which suggests lower levels of cognitive flexibility (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000).”
Background
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“…of depression (e.g., impaired cognitive flexibility, poor initiation and motivation, ruminative thought patterns) may reflect hemispheric weaknesses associated with neuropsychological impairments, such as difficulty inhibiting prior mental set (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Whitmer & Banich, 2007).”
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“…Memory Span task (RMS; Pollack, Johnson, & Knaff, 1959) is a brief, well-established behavioral measure of working memory (Broadway & Engle, 2010) that was included given its relevance to rumination and cognitive performance outcomes (e.g., Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Onraedt & Koster, 2014).”
Background
Parsing profiles of temperamental reactivity and differential routes to delay of gratification: A person-based approach
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“Impaired cognitive flexibility may be related to a ruminative thinking style, irritability, and emotional dysregulation [13,16].”
Background
Restorative environments' influence on cognitive flexibility in developing adults
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“…and rumination across various psychopathological conditions, we delved into the potential association of misophonia with three forms of rumination (Altan-Atalay et al., 2022; Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Genet et al., 2013; Lei et al., 2022; Miles et al., 2023; Owens & Derakshan, 2013).”
Development of an mHealth App–Based Intervention for Depressive Rumination (RuminAid): Mixed Methods Focus Group Evaluation
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“Rumination has negative effects on attention and concentration, particularly attention-switching [64-69], that is, the ability to flexibly attend to and adjust behavior in accordance with changes in task goals [70].”
Background
Connectome-based modeling reveals a resting-state functional network that mediates the relationship between social rejection and rumination
Geng, L., Feng, Q., Wang, X., Gao, Y., Hao, L., & Qiu, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1264221 · Cited by 6
The Relationship between Perfectionism, Cognitive Rumination, Mindfulness and Mental Health in Music Students at a South African University
Botha, M., Panebianco, C., & Masenge, A. (2022) · Muziki · doi:10.1080/18125980.2022.2089721 · Cited by 6
“Several other studies support the link between reflective rumination and artistic creativity (Cohen and Ferrari 2010; Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema 2000).”
Rumination in bipolar disorder associated with brain network and behavioural measures of inhibitory executive control
Chou, T., Dougherty, D. D., Nierenberg, A. A., & Ghaznavi, S. (2023) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2023.36 · Cited by 6
Grief and Prolonged Grief Disorder
(2023) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379934 · Cited by 6
Is there a place for mindfulness in the treatment of anorexia nervosa?
Rodríguez, I. M., Cowdrey, F. A., & Park, R. J. (2013) · Advances in Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/21662630.2013.795755 · Cited by 7
“The authors suggested that individuals who have a tendency to get caught up in rumination may find it more difficult to shift their response patterns in light of feedback (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000).”
BackgroundInfluential
Effect of Physical Activity on Cognitive Flexibility and Perfectionism in the Elderly
Entezari, M., Dehkordi, P. S., & Sahaf, R. (2018) · Salmand · doi:10.21859/sija.12.4.402 · Cited by 8
Rumination, cognition, and the brain
Borders, A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812545-8.00009-7 · Cited by 7
Correlatos cognitivos y neuropsicológicos de los cinco grandes: una revisión en el área de la neurociencia de la personalidad
Restrepo, J. E. (2015) · Pensando Psicología · doi:10.16925/pe.v11i18.1004 · Cited by 7
Anxiety and the Wounded Self
Alladin, A., & Amundson, J. K. (2016) · American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00029157.2016.1163661 · Cited by 7
Executive functions and self-control
von Hippel, W., & Ronay, R. (2009) · Cited by 6
Gender, Loneliness, and Friendship Satisfaction in Early Adulthood: The Role of Friendship Features and Friendship Expectations
Weeks, M. S. (2013) · DukeSpace (Duke University) · Cited by 5
Anti-saccades reveal impaired attention control over negative social evaluation in individuals with depressive symptoms
Yang, C., He, L., Liu, Y., Lin, Z., Luo, L., & Gao, S. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.07.016 · Cited by 5
Sex-specific neural activity when resolving cognitive interference in individuals with or without prior internalizing disorders
Wang, Z., Jacobs, R. H., Marsh, R., Horga, G., Qiao, J., Warner, V., Weissman, M. M., & Peterson, B. S. (2015) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.07.008 · Cited by 5
“Rumination impairs self-regulatory control by promoting perseveration and reducing cognitive flexibility (Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000), which further impairs the resolution of cognitive interference (Joormann et al.”
Background
Sex differences in the association between suicidal ideation and neurocognitive function in Chinese patients with schizophrenia
Wu, F., Yi, Y., Lian, Y., Chen, Q., Luo, L., Yang, H., Li, H., Feng, Y., Feng, S., Zhou, S., et al. (2023) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-023-01616-8 · Cited by 5
“Third, cognitive function deficits such as inflexibility may result in more rumination [49], which is associated with difficulty adapting, obviously increasing the occurrence of SI.”
Development of Emotional Cascades in Borderline Personality Disorder
Selby, E. A., Kranzler, A., & Panza, E. A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0591-1_12 · Cited by 5
Structural Equation Modeling of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Symptoms of Depression and General Anxiety Disorder: Investigation of the Mediating Role of Rumination
Abdolpour, G., Nasiri, M., Mafakheri, M., Mansouri, K., & Abdi, R. (2019) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.32598/ijpcp.24.4.400 · Cited by 5
Predictors of Long-Term Improvement Following Cognitive Remediation in a Sample With Elevated Depressive Symptoms
Hagen, B. I., Landrø, N. I., Lau, B., Koster, E. H. W., & Stubberud, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02232 · Cited by 5
Differential effects of attentional control domains on the association between rumination and PTSD symptoms in trauma exposed veterans
Jessup, S. C., Cox, R. C., & Olatunji, B. O. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110886 · Cited by 5
Kognitiv-affektive Neurowissenschaft: Emotionale Modulation des Erinnerns, Entscheidens und Handelns
Goschke, T., & Dreisbach, G. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61814-1_5 · Cited by 6
Worry and Rumination: Measurement Invariance Across Gender
Carter, J. A. (2021) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/91e0-6588 · Cited by 5
Executive Control in Depressive Rumination: Backward Inhibition and Non-inhibitory Switching Performance in a Modified Mixed Antisaccade Task
Lo, B. C. Y., & Liu, J. C. C. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00136 · Cited by 6
“Early studies have highlighted that ruminators exhibit shifting difficulties with neuropsychological tests such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000).”
Background
The Effects of Rumination on Problem-Solving Self-Efficacy and Self-Efficacy for Controlling Upsetting Thoughts in the Context of Depressive Symptoms
Gilliam, C. M. (2006) · IRL - University of Missouri, St. Louis (University of Missouri–St. Louis) · Cited by 5
Investigation of Rumination and Cognitive Flexibility Levels in Patients with Depression
BARDAK, F., Kızılpınar, S. Ç., & Aydemır, M. Ç. (2024) · Cukurova Anestezi ve Cerrahi Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.36516/jocass.1372677 · Cited by 4
Probing Neurophysiological Processes Related to Self-Referential Processing to Predict Improvement in Adolescents With Depression Receiving Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Kim, N., Bloom, P. A., Rosellini, A. J., Webb, C. A., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Auerbach, R. P. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.10.010 · Cited by 4
Mindfulness intervention improves executive functions of depressed individuals and their neural mechanism
Hong, C., Cody, D., Zhu, Y., Chen, S., Zhang, Y., Yuan, H., & Yang, D. (2022) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2022-0054 · Cited by 5
Kognitivno-afektivni regulatorni mehanizmi kao medijatori između dimenzija afektivne vezanosti i depresije
Čačić, S., & Gavrilov‐Jerković, V. (2013) · Primenjena psihologija · doi:10.19090/pp.2013.4.385-405 · Cited by 4
“…skladu i sa teorijskim pretpostavkama i rezultatima dosadašnjih istraživanja (Brinker & Dozois, 2009; Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, & Hofmann, 2006; Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Ellis, 1994; Feldner, Zvolensky, Eifert, & Spira, 2003; Garnefski & Kraaij, 2007; Gross & John, 2004; Lynch, Robins,…”
Attentional Control in Bilingualism: An Exploration of the Effects of Trait Anxiety and Rumination on Inhibition
Ouzia, J., Bright, P., & Filippi, R. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs9080089 · Cited by 4
“This disposition to self-focus has previously been argued to be a key element of cognitive vulnerability associated with depression [42,43] De Lissnyder and colleagues [40] administered the self-report Ruminative Response Scale [44] in order to assess participants’ overall ruminative tendencies, as well as the two dis…”
Method
Rumination and Impaired Prospective Memory
Stein, K. F., Carter, W., & Hinkley, L. (2018) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2018.1469464 · Cited by 4
“Both state and trait rumination have been associated with impairments in several cognitive processes (e.g. Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; De Lissnyder, Koster, & Raedt, 2011; Watkins & Brown, 2002; Whitmer & Banich, 2007).”
Background
Rumination and Emotional Adjustment: The Role of Social Networking Sites
Tran, T. B. (2012) · Cited by 4
Using language to detect and change attachment style
Stone, L. D. (2003) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 4
Performance attainment and intrinsic motivation: An achievement goal approach
Blaga, M. (2012) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 4
The financial and administrative burden of financially vulnerable households
de Bruijn, E.-J. (2021) · doi:10.18174/549093 · Cited by 6

Authors: Davis, R. N., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author: Davis, Robert N.
Venue: Cognitive Therapy and Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2000-12
Volume: 24
Issue: 6
Pages: 699-711
ISSN: 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
1573-2819
DOI: 10.1023/a:1005591412406
OpenAlex: W2169563916
Cited by: 581
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 7.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Keywords: rumination, cognitive flexibility, perseveration, cognitive inflexibility, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, perseverative errors, set maintenance, depressive episodes, dysphoric mood, sex differences

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