Sticky Thoughts: Depression and Rumination Are Associated With Difficulties Manipulating Emotional Material in Working Memory
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Cognitive inflexibility may play an important role in rumination, a risk factor for the onset and maintenance of depressive episodes. In the study reported here, we assessed participants’ ability to either reverse or maintain in working memory the order of three emotion or three neutral words. Differences (or sorting costs) between response latencies in backward trials, on which participants were asked to reverse the order of the words, and forward trials, on which participants were asked to remember the words in the order in which they were presented, were calculated. Compared with control participants, depressed participants had higher sorting costs, particularly when presented with negative words. It is important to note that rumination predicted sorting costs for negative words but not for positive or neutral words in the depressed group. These findings indicate that depression and rumination are associated with deficits in cognitive control.
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Depressed individuals who ruminate have sticky thoughts and problems updating working memory and task switching, such that prior goal states exert a stronger influence on ongoing mental processes than normal.
“Depressed individuals, particularly those who ruminate, have “sticky thoughts” and problems with updating the contents of working memory and task switching such that prior goal states exert a stronger influence on on-going mental processes than normal.237,238”
From The default network and self-generated thought: component processes, dynamic control, and clinical relevance (2014) · cites this paper as [237]
Top-down dysregulation of limbic structures may mediate affective symptoms and altered decision-making in mood disorders.
“Top-down dysregulation of limbic structures may mediate affective symptoms and altered decision-making seen in mood disorders44-46.”
From Dysregulation of adult hippocampal neuroplasticity in major depression: Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications (2022) · cites this paper as [45]
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- Authors
- Joormann, J., Levens, S. M., & Gotlib, I. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-07-08
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 979-983
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- PMC
- PMC11862919
- OpenAlex
- W2129907267
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 12.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH59259, R01MH059259)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- rumination, cognitive inflexibility, depression, working memory, cognitive control, emotional words, negative words, response latency
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Cognition, Major Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reaction Time, Thinking, Case-Control Studies
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