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Cognitive Inflexibility Among Ruminators and Nonruminators

Davis, Robert N., Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan·2000·Cognitive Therapy and Research

DOI 10.1023/a:1005591412406

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A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115 · Cited by 3,276
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Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood.
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Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L. E., & Larson, J. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.92 · Cited by 932 · cited 6×
“…to ruminate about their depressive symptoms 1 month after their loss were more severely depressed 6 months after their loss than bereaved people who did not tend to ruminate, even after taking into account initial levels of depressive symptoms at 1 month post-loss (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1994).”
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Mor, N., & Daches, S. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702615578130 · Cited by 46
“Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema (2000) reported that compared with nonruminators, ruminators exhibited deficient flexibility and made more perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, which requires participants to sort cards according to shifting sorting criteria.”
Background
Bringing the whole universe to order: creativity, healing, and posttraumatic growth1
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“Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema (2000) used the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and found that ruminators exhibited deficient cognitive flexibility and made more perseverative errors on the task.”
Method
Enhancing switching abilities: Improving practice effect by stimulating the dorsolateral pre frontal cortex
Tayeb, Y. E., & Michal Lavidor, B. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.050 · Cited by 37
“This is especially the case when one pays attention to the correlation between switching deficits and a range of psychological difficulties such as depression (e.g., Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Koster et al., 2011), OCD (e.g., Gu et al., 2008) or anxiety (e.g., Derakshan et al., 2009).”
Background
The role of thought suppression and psychological inflexibility in older family caregivers’ psychological symptoms and quality of life
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“One potential explanation for this is that rumination is a manifestation of a tendency toward cognitive inflexibility (Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000).”
Background
The effect of cognitive flexibility on task switching and language switching
Liu, H., Fan, N., Rossi, S., Yao, P., & Chen, B. (2015) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/1367006915572400 · Cited by 39
“Its core function refers to switching of rules, which means that it is needed to inhibit the previous task in order to control the performance requirements of the current task (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Kaland, Smith & Mortensen, 2008; Kim, Johnson, Cilles, & Gold, 2011).”
Background
Cognitive flexibility mediates the relation between intolerance of uncertainty and safety signal responding in those with panic disorder
Lieberman, L., Gorka, S. M., Sarapas, C., & Shankman, S. A. (2016) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2015.1067189 · Cited by 33
“As mentioned above, poor cognitive flexibility is also associated with worry (Lee & Orsillo, 2014) and rumination (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Joorman, et al. 2011).”
Background
Cognitive emotion regulation and stress: a multiple mediation approach
Miklósi, M., Martos, T., Szabó, M., Kocsis-Bogár, K., & Forintos, D. P. (2014) · Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.2478/s13380-014-0207-9 · Cited by 44
“For example, reappraisal was shown to be associated with enhanced affective flexibility [9], interference resolution [10], and working memory capacity [11], while rumination was associated with decreased cognitive flexibility [12] and internal shifting impairments in working memory [13].”
Background
Differenzielle Aspekte psychischer Beanspruchung aus Sicht der Zielorientierung
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“The serotonin system may also influence what might be called ‘‘internal perseverative verbal responding’’ or rumination in depressive disorders, because ruminators commit more perseverative errors on the WCS task than do nonruminators.(17) In what follows, we review the chemical and functional neuroanatomy of the acet…”
Background
Perceived chronic stress influences the effect of acute stress on cognitive flexibility
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“Individuals experiencing high levels of perceived chronic stress did not show a difference in perseverative errors from Time 1 to Time 2, F(1, 14) = 0.”
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“peated, difficult-to-control characteristics of ruminative responses are associated with executive dysfunction [13-15].”
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Understanding associations between rumination and inflammation: A scoping review
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“, (14, 37, 93)], to our knowledge, this was the first study that directly compared”
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“Finally, rumination and low levels of positive affect (both of which are associated with depression) have been linked with " mental inflexibility " (e.g., Ashby, Isen, & Turken, 1999; Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000).”
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“…including basic metacognitive capacities to monitor (i.e., observe) and control cognition (Teasdale et al., 2002), as well as individual differences in cognitive flexibility and the capacity to adapt responses to contextual contingencies (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Joormann et al., 2011).”
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“The Ruminative Response Scale Short Form (RRS; Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000) consists of 10 selfreport items, with higher scores indicating greater rumination.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Maladaptive Processing of Maladaptive Content: Rumination as a Mechanism Linking Cognitive Biases to Depressive Symptoms
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“…(Lyubomirsky, Tucker, Caldwell, & Berg, 1999; Papageourgiou & Wells, 2003), in fact, rumination is associated with cognitive inflexibility (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000), poorer problem solving (e.g., Lyubomirsky et al., 1999), and reductions in social support (Nolen-Hoeksema & Davis,…”
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“Attention inflexibility has also been included as a characteristic deficit in MDD (Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000), and is purported to account for perseverative cognitions such as depressive rumination (Whitmer and Banich, 2007).”
Background
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“The role of rumination as a psychological predictor of depression in Parkinson's disease is also particularly relevant in light of its known, and possibly reciprocal, association with attention and executive function [46,47].”
Background
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Hilt, L. M., Leitzke, B. T., & Pollak, S. D. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1121824 · Cited by 26
“…of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46(6), 858–867, 2017 Copyright © Society of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology ISSN: 1537-4416 print/1537-4424 online DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1121824 & Whitmer, 2010; Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Whitmer & Banich, 2007).”
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“Specifically, rumination has been repeatedly linked to the onset, maintenance, and recurrence of depression (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991; Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Huffziger et al., 2009; Aldao et al., 2010; Lo et al., 2017).”
Background
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“…thoughts (e.g., focusing on worries, self-handicapping, etc.) is often associated with reduced academic performance compared to neutral or positive thoughts (Caraway et al., 2003; Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; De Castella et al., 2013; DeCaro et al., 2010; Hunsley, 1985; von Hippel et al., 2019).”
Background
Investigating differences in cognitive flexibility, clinical perfectionism, and eating disorder-specific rumination across anorexia nervosa illness states
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“More specifically, several studies have emphasised that cognitive inflexibility, whether in emotional or neutral contexts, plays a significant role in the proneness to ruminate (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000 ; De Lissnyder, Koster, Derakshan, & De Raedt, 2010 ; Whitmer & Banich, 2007 ).”
Background
Exploring individual differences in task switching
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Difficulty in updating positive beliefs about negative cognition is associated with increased depressed mood.
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“effective solutions to problems during times of stress, which leads to hopelessness and suicidal ideation and/or tend to brood or in other words, have difficulty disengaging from negative ruminations [70].”
Background
Toward a better understanding of the influence of repetitive negative thinking in alcohol use disorder: An examination of moderation effect of metacognitive beliefs and gender
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“and a ruminative response to adversity ( Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Watkins & Teasdale, 2001).”
Background
Identifying mechanisms of treatment effects and recovery in rehabilitation of schizophrenia: Longitudinal analytic methods
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“There is ample evidence that depressive disorders are also associated with deficits in attentional functions, executive control and lowered cognitive flexibility [52]; verbal learning and memory [53] and interpretation biases [54-57].”
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“In contrast to perfectionism, where thoughts often pertain to the need to be perfect, rumination refers to repeatedly focusing attention on one’s own negative emotions and the causes or consequences of said emotions (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000).”
BackgroundInfluential
Developing cognitive-emotional training exercises as interventions for mood and anxiety disorders
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“Increased interference from negative affective information in cognitive processing [36], and impairments in inhibitory control specifically for negative affective information result in a cognitively inflexible depressive mindset and the perseverative thinking observed in rumination [13].”
Background
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and the Cognitive Behavioral Tradition
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“As a relation between neuroticism and rumination on the one hand, and cognitive control functioning on the other hand has been established in literature (Beckwé et al., 2014; Davis & Nolen‐ Hoeksema, 2000), we interrogated this relation in our study sample.”
Background
Perfectionism and its relationship with anticipatory processing in social anxiety
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“As in previous studies of rumination in non-depressed samples, our customized ANCOVAs included not only Brooding and Reflection, but also BDI-II scores, entered as another simultaneous covariate (see [48,49]).”
Method
Ruminations and their correlates in depressive episodes: Between-group comparison in patients with unipolar or bipolar depression and healthy controls
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Rumination, emotional intensity and emotional clarity
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Rumination: Cognitive consequences of training to inhibit the negative.
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“…Papa, Lalande, Westphal, & Coifman, 2003; Coifman & Bonanno, 2010), may be associated with the impact of negative affect on cognitive flexibility (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000) and problem solving (Gasper, 2003), cognitive abilities that are necessary for the overt reasoning that mentalizing…”
Background
Attentional control capacity for emotion: An individual-difference measure of internal controlled attention
Johnson, D. R. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802437095 · Cited by 20
“These results support theories that emphasise the importance of deficits in internal controlled attention processes in clinical populations, like theories of depressive rumination and clinical anxiety (Borkovec et al., 2004; Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for Vietnamese Refugees With PTSD and Comorbid Panic Attacks
Hinton, D. E., Safren, S. A., Pollack, M. H., & Tran, M. (2006) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2006.04.008 · Cited by 29
Anterior cingulate cortex activity during attentional control corresponds with rumination in depression and social anxiety
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“Furthermore, cognitive inflexibility is associated with rumination (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000), and self-crit-ical rumination has been shown to predict low self-esteem (Kolubinski et al., 2019).”
Rumination and dissociation: The mediating role of poor sleep quality and presleep cognitions.
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“Whereas ruminative thinking is characterized by directional, nonflexible, and focused thought (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Martin & Tesser, 1996), sleep and dreaming involve free-associations and nondirectional thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Hartmann, 1998).”
Background
Traumatic Life Events in Relation to Cognitive Flexibility: Moderating Role of the BDNF Val66Met Gene Polymorphism
Gabrys, R. L., Dixon, K., & Anisman, H. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00241 · Cited by 19
“Moreover, in comparison to Val homozygotes, individuals carrying the Met allele of the BDNF polymorphism reported greater rumination (Beevers et al., 2009), an emotion regulation strategy associated with reduced cognitive flexibility (Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000).”
Background
Psychological flexibility and self-critical rumination: A serial mediation between adverse childhood experiences and mental well-being in adulthood
Bırni, G., Erus, S. M., Satıcı, S. A., & Deniz, M. E. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112861 · Cited by 20
Training Positive Rumination in Expressive Writing to Enhance Psychological Adjustment and Working Memory Updating for Maladaptive Ruminators
Yang, H., & Li, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00789 · Cited by 18
Exposure to family stressful life events in autistic children: Longitudinal associations with mental health and the moderating role of cognitive flexibility
Leno, V. C., Wright, N., Pickles, A. R., Bedford, R., Zaidman‐Zait, A., Kerns, C. M., Mirenda, P., Zwaigenbaum, L., Duku, E., Bennett, T. A., et al. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211061932 · Cited by 21
“Difficulties in cognitive flexibility are thought to impede emotional control and are linked to a ruminative response style (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Hilt et al., 2014).”
Background
Temporal dynamic patterns of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex underlie the association between rumination and depression
Gao, W., Biswal, B. B., Yang, J., Li, S., Wang, Y., Chen, S., & Yuan, J. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac115 · Cited by 19
Underlying mechanisms of verbal memory deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression – The role of cognitive self-consciousness
Kikul, J., Allen, T. S. V., & Exner, C. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.12.009 · Cited by 18
“Several studies demonstrated the deteriorating influence of induced or trait rumination on cognitive task performance (e.g. Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Lyubomirski, Kasri, & Zehm, 2003; Watkins & Brown, 2002).”
Background
Psychological symptoms and perceived cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: The role of rumination.
Malivoire, B. L., Hare, C. J., & Hart, T. L. (2018) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/rep0000180 · Cited by 18
A FISTful of Emotion: Individual Differences in Trait Anxiety and Cognitive-Affective Flexibility During Preadolescence
Mărcuș, O., Stanciu, O. M., MacLeod, C., Liebregts, H., & Visu‐Petra, L. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0110-z · Cited by 24
“…(during flexible trials) and this particular difficulty can be viewed as a form of rigid rule reiteration (Zelazo et al. 2008) which is specific to emotional content and which is a characteristic of both anxiety and depression disorders (Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema 2000; Kashdan and Rottenberg 2010).”
Background
Aberrant functional metastability and structural connectivity are associated with rumination in individuals with major depressive disorder
Zhang, R., Tam, S.-K. T. S., Wong, N. M. L., Wu, J., Tao, J., Chen, L., Lin, K., & Lee, T. M. C. (2021) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102916 · Cited by 16
The relationship between reflective rumination and musical ability.
Jones, M. E., Roy, M. M., & Verkuilen, J. (2014) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/a0035634 · Cited by 21
Science Perspectives on Psychological
Nolen–Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014) · Cited by 17
Self-citation
Breaking cycles of risk: The mitigating role of maternal working memory in associations among socioeconomic status, early caregiving, and children's working memory
Suor, J. H., Sturge‐Apple, M. L., & Skibo, M. A. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941600119x · Cited by 20
“…and adults have documented strong associations between poor working memory and impulsivity (Hinson, Jameson, & Whitney, 2003), depression (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000), alcohol use (Khurana et al., 2013; Thush et al., 2008), and sexual risk taking and debut (Khurana et al., 2012, 2015).”
Background
Executive functioning and rumination as they relate to stress-induced cortisol curves
Guevara, J. E., & Murdock, K. W. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-019-00119-z · Cited by 19
Novel therapeutic targets in mood disorders: Pentoxifylline (PTX) as a candidate treatment
Siegel, A. N., Rodrigues, N. B., Nasri, F., Wilkialis, L., Lipsitz, O., Lee, Y. L., Gill, H., Subramaniapillai, M., Phan, L., Majeed, A., et al. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110032 · Cited by 17
Systematic review of cognitive biases in autism spectrum disorders: A neuropsychological framework towards an understanding of the high prevalence of co-occurring depression
Bergman, M. A., Schene, A. H., Vissers, C., Vrijsen, J. N., Kan, C. C., & van Oostrom, I. (2019) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101455 · Cited by 20
Illness Schema and Level of Reported Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Crane, C., & Martin, M. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023561226173 · Cited by 17
Emotion Regulation and CBT
Papa, A., Boland, M., & Sewell, M. T. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118470886.ch11 · Cited by 18
Rumination, Substance Use, and Self‐Harm in a Representative Australian Adult Sample
Tait, R. J., Brinker, J. K., Moller, C. I., & French, D. J. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22025 · Cited by 16
“Perhaps you only imagined doing it”: Reality-monitoring in obsessive-compulsive checkers using semi-idiographic stimuli
Cougle, J. R., Salkovskis, P. M., & Thorpe, S. J. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.08.001 · Cited by 16
“The effects of rumination on test scores were investigated by Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema (2000), who found cognitive test scores among non-OCD ruminators similar to those typical of patients suffering from OCD.”
Background
Does Rumination Cause “Inhibitory” Deficits?
Roberts, H., Watkins, E. R., & Wills, A. J. (2016) · Psychopathology Review · doi:10.5127/pr.036914 · Cited by 19
“For example, Davis and Nolen-Hoeksema (2000) assessed cognitive control using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST; Grant & Berg, 1948) which is understood to implicate attention, set-shifting, inhibition, and working memory (e.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Testing a “content meets process” model of depression vulnerability and rumination: Exploring the moderating role of set-shifting deficits
Vergara‐Lopez, C., Lopez-Vergara, H. I., & Roberts, J. E. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.08.002 · Cited by 17
“In line with this framework, there is evidence to suggest that rumination (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000) and current depression (e.g., Grant, Thase, & Sweeney, 2001; Harvey et al., 2004; Merriam, Thase, Haas, Keshayan, & Sweeney, 1999) are associated with set-shifting deficits as measured by the…”
Result
Cognitive Dysfunctions after Recovery from Major Depressive Episodes
Yamamoto, T., & Shimada, H. (2012) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/09084282.2011.643959 · Cited by 17
“Researchers highlight an association between rumination and cognitive function, such as attention (Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994 ), memory (Lyubomirsky, Caldwell, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998 ), and executive function (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000 ).”
Background
Effects of Process-Based Cognitive Training on Memory in the Healthy Elderly and Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Shin, M., Lee, A., Cho, A. Y., Son, M.-N., & Kim, Y. (2020) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2019.0225 · Cited by 15
Ambulatory assessment of rumination and worry: Capturing perseverative cognitions in children’s daily life.
Kramer, A. C., Neubauer, A. B., Leonhardt, A., Brose, A., Dirk, J., & Schmiedek, F. (2021) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001020 · Cited by 17
Trait Rumination Moderates the Effect of Executive Control Training
Quinn, M. E., Keil, D. C., Utke, S., & Joormann, J. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.0038713 · Cited by 16
“Recent work on rumination has further demonstrated that deficits in executive control may underlie ruminative response tendencies emphasizing a close link between individual differences in cognitive processes and difficulties in emotion regulation (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000).”
Background
The Utility of Measuring Explanatory Flexibility in PTSD Research
Joseph, J. S., & Gray, M. J. (2010) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-010-9301-7 · Cited by 15
Cumulative cortisol exposure in the third trimester correlates with postpartum mothers' neural response to emotional interference
Stickel, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Goecke, T. W., Schneider, F. W., Quinete, N., Lang, J., Habel, U., & Chechko, N. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.02.008 · Cited by 13
Rumination and “hot” executive function of middle school students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A moderated mediation model of depression and mindfulness
Li, Y., Qu, G., Kong, H., Ma, X., Cao, L., Li, T., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.989904 · Cited by 14
“Prior research has shown that both rumination and depression are crucial risk factors for adolescents’ EF (16, 60, 61).”
Background
Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and mental health problems in war-affected youth in Northern Uganda: findings from the WAYS study
Amone‐P’Olak, K., Vavani, B., & Mberengwa, D. S. (2017) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2017.1385745 · Cited by 14
“This finding is comparable to previous studies that indicated rumination as a potent risk factor for developing psychopathology (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Garnefski et al., 2002a, 2003a,b; Kraaij et al., 2003).”
Result
The use and change of emotion regulation strategies: The promoting effect of cognitive flexibility
Gao, W., Chen, S., Chen, Y., He, F., Yang, J., & Yuan, J. (2020) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2020-1035 · Cited by 16
Thought Control Ability Is Different from Rumination in Explaining the Association between Neuroticism and Depression: A Three-Study Replication
Lu, F., Yang, W., Zhang, Q., & Qiu, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00838 · Cited by 17
“Inhibition deficits are associated with increased rumination (Davis and Nolenhoeksema, 2000).”
Background
Demoralization, Hypomanic Activation, and Disconstraint Scores on MMPI-2 Scales as Significant Predictors of Hypersexual Behavior
Reid, R. C., & Carpenter, B. N. (2009) · Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity The Journal of Treatment and Prevention · doi:10.1080/10720160903202448 · Cited by 14
“The rationale for this suggestion comes from the research linking cognitive inflexibility with constructs such as rumination, boredom proneness, anxiety, and demoralization (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Watkins & Brown, 2002).”
Background
A systematic review on the relationship between socioeconomic conditions and emotional disorder symptoms during Covid-19: unearthing the potential role of economic concerns and financial strain
Chan, J. K., Marzuki, A. A., Vafa, S., Thanaraju, A., Yap, J., Chan, X. W., Harris, H. A., Todi, K., & Schaefer, A. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01715-8 · Cited by 19
“Constant worrying functions like rumination, which takes up variable cognitive resources, resulting in depleted cognitive functioning abilities that are necessary for daily life [87–89].”
Background
Rumination, Social Problem Solving and Suicide Intent Among Egyptians With a Recent Suicide Attempt
Sharaf, A. Y., Lachine, O. A. R., & Thompson, E. A. (2017) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2017.10.008 · Cited by 14

Authors: Davis, R. N., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author: Davis, Robert N.
Venue: Cognitive Therapy and Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2000-12
Volume: 24
Issue: 6
Pages: 699-711
ISSN: 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
1573-2819
DOI: 10.1023/a:1005591412406
OpenAlex: W2169563916
Cited by: 581
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 7.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Keywords: rumination, cognitive flexibility, perseveration, cognitive inflexibility, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, perseverative errors, set maintenance, depressive episodes, dysphoric mood, sex differences

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Cognitive Inflexibility Among Ruminators and Nonruminators

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