Cited by 2,092Quality of Life MeasurementPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionSustainable Development and Environmental Policy

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MEASURING QUALITY OF LIFE: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND SUBJECTIVE INDICATORS

Diener, Ed, Suh, Eunkook·1997·Social Indicators Research

DOI 10.1023/a:1006859511756

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Subjective Well-Being
Diener, E. (1984) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2350-6_2 · Cited by 12,609
Self-citation
ФАКТОРЫ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО БЛАГОПОЛУЧИЯ ЛЮДЕЙ ПОЖИЛОГО ВОЗРАСТА
Р., Н. М., & Ю., Б. С. (2026) · CyberLeninK (CyberLeninka) · doi:10.60797/irj.2026.170.43 · Cited by 7,969
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Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.668 · Cited by 2,652 · cited 1×
“Major personality traits that are associated with SWB are extraversion and neuroticism (Costa and McCrae, 1980; Diener et al., 1992), optimism (Scheier and Carver, 1993), and self-esteem (Campbell, 1981; Diener and Diener, 1995).”
Background
Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.38.4.668 · Cited by 2,648
The independence of positive and negative affect.
Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.47.5.1105 · Cited by 2,414
Self-citation
Social Indicators of Well-Being: Americans' Perceptions of Life Quality
Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,409
Who Is Happy?
Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00298.x · Cited by 2,383
Self-citation
Assessing Subjective Well-Being: Progress and Opportunities
Diener, E. (1994) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf01207052 · Cited by 2,317
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Bradburn, N.: 1969, The Structure of PsychologicalWell-Being (Aldine, Chicago).
Diener, E. and F. Fujita: 1996, 'The beautiful theory and the ugly facts: Imposed social comparisons and subjective well-being', in B. Buunk and R. Gibbons (eds.), Health, Coping, and Social Comparison (Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ).
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“The field is built on the presumption that to understand the individuals’ experiential quality of well-being, it is appropriate to directly examine how a person feels about life in the context of his or her own standards” [2].”
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“(Andrews and Withey 1976; Campbell 1981; Diener and Suh 1997).”
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“In some way, this understanding is already well present in the literature (e.g., Turksever and Atlik 2001; Diener and Suh 1997; O’Brien and Ayidya 1991; Davidson and Cotter 1991; Myers 1988; McCall 1975) and also evident in the words of Grayson and Young (1994:ii): ‘‘There appears to be a consensus that in defining qu…”
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“Recognition of these three areas should allow to reflect quite objectively conditions of life of a given population relying on possible to obtain quantitative data (see Diener and Suh 1997).”
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“According to Diener and Suh (1997), these evaluations may be in the form of cognitions or in the form of affect.”
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“As such, it should always be used in combination with other objective indicators as well as further methods to assess well-being at the community and social level [58 – 60].”
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“However, many researchers have pointed out that QOL is a multidimensional concept that should be measured objectively and subjectively (Bigelow et al., 1991; Diener & Suh, 1997; Gladis et al., 1999).”
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Assessing Social and Territorial Vulnerability on Real Estate Submarkets
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“In the academic literature, there is a strong tradition linking economic prosperity and life satisfaction (Diener and Suh 1997) and this is particularly the case in developing or poorer societies (Abbott and Wallace 2012a).”
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Bridging the Gap between the Sustainable Development Goals and Happiness Metrics
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“may benefit from the joint use of objective indicators in order to establish their significance [47,50,87].”
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“In reference to Aristotle, living a good life means the achievement of knowledge, health, wealth, friendship, and other life domains (Diener & Suh, 1997).”
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Subjective Well-Being Measures Tested with 12-Year-Olds in Israel
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“This led to the development of SWB measures also for children (Cummins 1997; Diener and Suh 1997).”
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“In general, thus, wellbeing is derived from ‘a sense of satisfaction with one’s life’ that is best achieved through alignment of behaviours, personal goals and values (Diener and Suh, 1997: 204) – and therefore a ‘combination of feeling good and functioning well’ (Harrison et al., 2016: 10).”
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“They define ‘affect’ as ‘pleasant and unpleasant moods and emotions, whereas life satisfaction refers to a cognitive sense of satisfaction with life’ (Diener & Suh, 1997, p. 200).”
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“El componente emocional es abordado desde constructos tales como afectos positivos y afectos negativos y el componente cognitivo, desde el constructo satisfacción con la vida (Diener & Suh, 1997; Pavot & Diener, 1993).”
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“As Diener and Suh (1997) note, “Subjective well-being consists of three interrelated components: life satisfaction, pleasant affect, and unpleasant affect.”
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“Although the QOL literature uses different terms to define the term QOL, it is broadly accepted that QOL can be associated with having a good life [28], e.”
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“Public sentiment provides an indicator for measuring happiness, well-being, and quality of life in a city (Ballas and Tranmer 2012; Diener and Suh 1997).”
Background
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“sl is the cognitive dimension of the subjective well-being that is defined as the assessment of quality of life in general, or of specific domains like job, family, friends, among others (13-15).”
Background
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“In addition, QoL was first conceptualized in political and philosophical thought as dictated by people’s religious principles, rational thought and modern economic thinking (Diener & Suh, 1997).”
Background
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“The deﬁnition of SWB used in this paper includes three components: positive aﬀect, negative aﬀect, and life satisfaction (Diener and Suh, 1997).”
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Leadership empowering behaviour as a predictor of employees’ psychological well-being: Evidence from a cross-sectional study among secondary school teachers in Kohat Division, Pakistan
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“As per Diener and Suh [36], psychological well-being may show up in the form of thoughts or influences which is consistent with Ryff and their partners’ model of psychological well-being including six domains i.e., self-acceptance, personal growth, purpose in life, environmental mastery, positive relations with others…”
Background
Retracted
Well-being and ill-being: shared environments, shared genes?
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“The construct reflects a multidimensional evaluation encompassing the different ways in which people evaluate their lives, and embraces a tripartite structure consisting of life satisfaction, pleasant affect, and unpleasant affect (eg, Diener & Suh, 1997 ).”
Background
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“On the other hand, after extensive research, SWB indicators have been recognized as important and complementary to objective well-being indicators (e.g., Diener & Suh, 1997).”
Background
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“It is the perceived satisfaction and goodness of life, which leads to the determination of one’s QoL (Diener & Suh, 1997).”
Background
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“…wellbeing both longitudinally and cross-sectionally have demonstrated that most older adults are very satisfied with their lives and seem to maintain high levels of well-being up until the months prior to death (e.g., Charles, Reynolds, & Gatz, 2001; Diener & Suh, 1997; Meyers & Diener, 1995).”
Background
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“work well in a variety of settings (see e.g. Diener and Suh, 1997 ).”
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“Life satisfaction refers to a cognitive/judgmental process and is defined as the general evaluation of life qualities according to the criteria that the individuals select on their own [4, 3, 5].”
Background
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“Such a global view seems desirable considering the different types of information contained in various quality of life and well-being indicators (Diener and Suh 1997).”
Background
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“However, it is a contested, multi-dimensional construct without an agreed definition (Conceição & Bandura, 2008, Diener & Suh, 1997, Ereaut & Whiting, 2008).”
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“As this definition suggests, it can be thought of as having subjective (e.g., life satisfaction) and objective (e.g., life expectancy) elements (Diener and Suh, 1997; Oswald and Wu, 2010).”
Background
Relationship between psychological capital and quality of life among seniors working after retirement: The mediating role of hope of success
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Living Conditions in the Arctic
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“It should also be clear that HRQL is not the same as QoL; the latter has a wider reach (see, for example, the WHO's wide ranging definition of QoL, WHOQoL Group, 1994 ; see also Deiner & Suh, 1997 ).”
Background
Leisure travel as process: understanding the relationship between leisure travel and subjective well-being among older adults
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“Subjective indicators are often criticised for being incomparable or incomprehensible [13] and for being impossible to verify.”
Background
Subjective Measurement of Quality of Life Using Primary Data Collection and the Analysis of Survey Data
McCrea, R., Marans, R. W., Stimson, R. J., et al. (2011) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1742-8_3 · Cited by 32
The educational, racial and gender crossovers in life satisfaction: Findings from the longitudinal Health and Retirement Study
Zhang, W., Braun, K. L., & Wu, Y. Y. (2017) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2017.07.014 · Cited by 31
“One approach to assess whether people have a good quality of life is to rely on their subjective perception of well-being (Diener & Suh, 1997).”
Background
Determinants of Subjective Well-Being: A Systematic Review
Azizan, N. H., & Mahmud, Z. (2018) · Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal · doi:10.21834/e-bpj.v3i7.1228 · Cited by 31
“…with individuals’ subjective experience of their lives with people’s conscious experiences – in terms of hedonic feelings or cognitive satisfactions (Diener & Suh, 1997), in which a broad concept that includes high life satisfaction, low level of negative mood and experiencing pleasant emotions…”
Background
The Relationship Between School Violence-Related Stress and Quality of Life in School Teachers Through Coping Self-Efficacy and Job Satisfaction
Won, S.-D., & Chang, E. J. (2019) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-019-09336-y · Cited by 31
The Impact of Demographics, Life and Work Circumstances on College and University Instructors’ Well-Being During Quaranteaching
Jelińska, M., & Paradowski, M. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643229 · Cited by 38
“…element is composed of high positive and low negative affect referring to moods and emotions (e.g., Bradburn, 1969; Diener, 1984, 2006; Diener and Suh, 1997:200; Diener et al., 1999; Kahneman et al., 1999; Lyubomirsky and Lepper, 1999; Arthaud-Day et al., 2005; Kim-Prieto et al., 2005; De…”
Background
Rising Economic Prosperity and Social Quality the Case of New Member States of the European Union
Abbott, P., & Wallace, C. (2012) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-012-9992-0 · Cited by 35
“Therefore it is necessary to taken into account a range of drivers for explaining happiness or satisfaction in addition to economic prosperity as measures of the quality of life (Diener and Suh 1997; Stiglitz et al. 2009).”
Background
Group hedonic balance and pair programming performance
Jung, M. F., Chong, J., & LEIFER, L. J. (2012) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2207676.2208523 · Cited by 31
“The notion of hedonic balance as a predictor of individual well being has been established in several studies [17-19, 35, 36], but besides the work of Losada [20, 43], to the authors’ knowledge no research has been done to explore the relationship between hedonic balance and outcomes in work groups…”
Result
Communicating Stakeholder Priorities in the Great Barrier Reef Region
Larson, S. (2009) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920801992102 · Cited by 31
“The subjective approaches to well-being take into account individual experiences and help understand and communicate the interpretations, priorities, and needs of the individuals (Diener and Suh 1997 ).”
Background
Diagnosing Our National Disease: Trends in Income and Happiness, 1973 to 2004
Schnittker, J. (2008) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/019027250807100307 · Cited by 30
“* Jason Schnittker, Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6299, jschnitt@ssc.upenn.edu paradox” (Blanchflower and Oswald 2004; Diener and Suh 1997; Easterlin 1995).”
Background
How images about emerging economies influence the willingness to accept expatriate assignments
de Eccher, U., & Duarte, H. (2016) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2016.1172653 · Cited by 31
Posttraumatic growth moderates the effect of posttraumatic stress on quality of life in U.S. military veterans with life-threatening illness or injury
Martz, E., Livneh, H., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2018) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.03.004 · Cited by 34
Using measures of wellbeing for impact evaluation: Proof of concept developed with an Indigenous community undertaking land management programs in northern Australia
Larson, S., Stoeckl, N., Jarvis, D., Addison, J., Prior, S., & Esparon, M. (2018) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-018-1058-3 · Cited by 31
“…the philosophy underscoring participatory methods of IE, subjective approaches to the analysis of wellbeing thus take into account individual experiences and have the capacity to help practitioners understand and communicate interpretations, priorities and needs of the people (Diener and Suh 1997).”
Background
A Scientific Exploration of Positive Psychology in Adolescence: The Role of Hope as a Buffer against the Influences of Psychosocial Negativities
Lagacé‐Séguin, D. G., & d’Entremont, M. L. (2010) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2010.9748046 · Cited by 31
Resolving the Quality of Life/well-Being Puzzle: Toward a New Model *
Langlois, A., & Anderson, D. E. (2002) · Canadian Journal of Regional Science · Cited by 31
Setting weights in multidimensional indices of well-beingPreprint
Decancq, K., & Lugo, M. A. (2008) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 31
Energy Consumption and Human Well-Being: A Systematic Review
Pesch, G. T., Einarsdóttir, A. K., Dillman, K. J., & Heinonen, J. T. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16186494 · Cited by 31
“Objective indicators of well-being primarily focus on material resources such as income, housing, and nutrition, as well as social attributes including education, health, safety, and political participation [23,24].”
Background
Are we leaving some people behind? Travel autonomy, perceived accessibility, and well-being among people experiencing mental and physical difficulties
Friman, M., & Olsson, L. E. (2023) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2023.08.009 · Cited by 30
“Happiness generally refers to the affective dimension of well-being, whereas life satisfaction is a cognitive or calculative evaluation of one ’ s life as a whole (Diener & Suh, 1997).”
Background
The impact of mind–body exercise on the quality of life in older adults: the chain mediation effect of perceived social support and psychological resilience
Yang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Li, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1446295 · Cited by 34
Assessing the effectiveness of a social vulnerability index in predicting heterogeneity in the impacts of natural hazards: Case study of the Tropical Storm Washi flood in the Philippines
Ignacio, J., Cruz, G. T., Nardi, F., & Henry, S. J. F. (2016) · Vienna Yearbook of Population Research · doi:10.1553/populationyearbook2015s091 · Cited by 30
“As indices attempt to condense a complex reality into simple terms, they can serve as good measures (Diener and Suh 1997).”
Background
Opioid and Polydrug Use Among Patients in Opioid Maintenance Treatment
Carlsen, S.-E. L., Lunde, L.-H., & Torsheim, T. (2020) · Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation · doi:10.2147/sar.s221618 · Cited by 30
Mobility, Activities, and happiness in old Age: Case of the elderly in Bangkok
Thaithatkul, P., Chalermpong, S., Laosinwattana, W., & Kato, H. (2022) · Case Studies on Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.cstp.2022.05.010 · Cited by 34
Job autonomy and work-life conflict: A conceptual analysis of teachers’ wellbeing during COVID-19 pandemic
Khawand, S., & Zargar, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.882848 · Cited by 37
“, peers, family, and friends), having purpose, acknowledging ones’ potential, accepting ones’ self, “environmental mastery,” being capable of fulfilling goals, happiness, and life satisfaction (Ryff, 1989; Diener and Suh, 1997; Foresight Mental Capital and Wellbeing Project, 2008; Dodge et al., 2012).”
Background
The Social in Assessing for Sustainability. Fisheries in Australia.
Barclay, K. (2012) · Cosmopolitan Civil Societies An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.5130/ccs.v4i3.2655 · Cited by 30
“Each type of indicator has strengths and weaknesses but a comprehensive picture of quality of life can only be achieved with a combination of all three types of data (Diener & Suh 1997).”
Background
Employment at Closure Is Associated With Enhanced Quality of Life and Subjective Well-Being for Persons With Spinal Cord Injuries
Chapin, M. H., & Holbert, D. (2010) · Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0034355210367685 · Cited by 30
“In addition, this study supported research (Diener, 2000; Diener & Diener, 1996; Diener et al., 2002; Diener & Suh, 1997; Diener et al., 1998) that people with high SWB are satisfied with their lives and work.”
BackgroundMethod
Community Assessment of the Effects of Casinos on Quality of Life
Nichols, M. W., Stitt, B. G., & GIACOPASSI, D. J. (2002) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1014777323534 · Cited by 30
“Diener and Suh (1997) believe that both objective and subjective components are integral to quality of life measures.”
Background
Perceptions of Tourism Impacts and Satisfaction with Particular Life Domains
Kruger, P. S. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2288-0_16 · Cited by 30
Well-being and Need for Support of Adolescents with a Chronically Ill Family Member
de Roos, S. A., de Boer, A. H., & Bot, S. M. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0574-7 · Cited by 30
Building Social Capital to Enhance the Quality-of-Life of Destination Residents
Moscardo, G. M. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2288-0_24 · Cited by 30
Happiness as an Expression of Freedom and Self-Determination
Haller, M., & Hadler, M. (2004) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2903-5_14 · Cited by 36

Authors: Diener, E., & Suh, E.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
ORCID: Diener, Ed
Suh, Eunkook
Venue: Social Indicators Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1997-01
Volume: 40
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 189-216
ISSN: 0303-8300 (ISSN-L)
1573-0921
DOI: 10.1023/a:1006859511756
OpenAlex: W2153621036
Semantic Scholar: c068312ebaa8742299008d37f57cdce5f960a26a
Cited by: 2,092
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 68 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 129 · 2020: 133 · 2019: 118 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 94 · 2015: 105 · 2014: 99 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 97
FWCI: 45.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Social Indicators Research (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Quality of Life Measurement
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy
Keywords: quality of life, well-being measurement, subjective well-being, social indicators, economic indicators, crime, normative ideals, good life, policy evaluation

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