Cited by 2,092Quality of Life MeasurementPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionSustainable Development and Environmental Policy

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MEASURING QUALITY OF LIFE: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND SUBJECTIVE INDICATORS

Diener, Ed, Suh, Eunkook·1997·Social Indicators Research

DOI 10.1023/a:1006859511756

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Subjective Well-Being
Diener, E. (1984) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2350-6_2 · Cited by 12,609
Self-citation
ФАКТОРЫ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО БЛАГОПОЛУЧИЯ ЛЮДЕЙ ПОЖИЛОГО ВОЗРАСТА
Р., Н. М., & Ю., Б. С. (2026) · CyberLeninK (CyberLeninka) · doi:10.60797/irj.2026.170.43 · Cited by 7,969
The Structure of Psychological Well-Being.
Mechanic, D., & Bradburn, N. M. (1970) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2093340 · Cited by 4,925
Will raising the incomes of all increase the happiness of all
Easterlin, R. (1995) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/0167-2681(95)00003-b · Cited by 3,202
Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.668 · Cited by 2,652 · cited 1×
“Major personality traits that are associated with SWB are extraversion and neuroticism (Costa and McCrae, 1980; Diener et al., 1992), optimism (Scheier and Carver, 1993), and self-esteem (Campbell, 1981; Diener and Diener, 1995).”
Background
Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.38.4.668 · Cited by 2,648
The independence of positive and negative affect.
Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.47.5.1105 · Cited by 2,414
Self-citation
Social Indicators of Well-Being: Americans' Perceptions of Life Quality
Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,409
Who Is Happy?
Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00298.x · Cited by 2,383
Self-citation
Assessing Subjective Well-Being: Progress and Opportunities
Diener, E. (1994) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf01207052 · Cited by 2,317
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Bradburn, N.: 1969, The Structure of PsychologicalWell-Being (Aldine, Chicago).
Diener, E. and F. Fujita: 1996, 'The beautiful theory and the ugly facts: Imposed social comparisons and subjective well-being', in B. Buunk and R. Gibbons (eds.), Health, Coping, and Social Comparison (Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ).
Land, K. C.: 1996, 'Social indicators and the quality of life: Where do we stand in the mid-1990s?', SINET 45, pp. 5–8.
Lears, J. F.: 1996, 'Quality of Life Index', International Living 15, p. 1, pp. 9–18.
Schwartz, S. H.: 1994, 'Beyond individualism and collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values', in U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, C. Choi and G. Yoon (eds.), Individualismand Collectivism: Theory, Method, and Applications (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA), pp. 85–102.
Suh, E.: 1994, Emotion Norms, Value, Familiarity, and Subjective Well-Being: A Cross-Cultural Examination. M.A. Thesis. University of Illinois, Champaign. Department of Psychology.
United Nations: 1991, Compendium of Social Statistics and Indicators: 1988 (United Nations Department of International Economics and Social Affairs, New York).

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“Life satisfaction, in turn, encompasses global, and domain-specific judgements about the personal lives of individuals, such as friends, neighborhoods, schools, and family (Diener et al., 1985; Diener and Suh, 1997; Diener, 2006).”
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“This problem may be particularly acute when it comes to sexual assault—crimes that are already typically under-reported (Allen, 2007; Diener and Suh, 1997; Williams, 1984).”
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“According to Diener (2000), subjective well-being has an emotional dimension comprising of negative and positive feelings and a cognitive dimension as life satisfaction, which refers to one’s cognitive evaluations and judgements about his or her life (Diener & Suh, 1997).”
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“…of enjoyment: positive mental states, satisfaction: evaluation of success in realizing a life-plan or personal conception of the good life and excellence: the virtuousness or value of a person‟s activity” Diener & Suh (1997) “Life satisfaction” Ventegodt (2003) “Quality of life means a good life.”
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Contribution of Natural and Economic Capital to Subjective Well-Being: Empirical Evidence from a Small-Scale Society in Kodagu (Karnataka), India
Zorondo‐Rodríguez, F., Satorras, M., Kalla, J., Demps, K., Gómez‐Baggethun, E., García, C., & Reyes‐García, V. (2015) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-015-0975-9 · Cited by 25
“Answering this question is of paramount importance in the design of effective public policies that improve human well-being (Costanza et al. 2007; Diener and Suh 1997; Easterlin 2001a, b, 2003; Easterlin et al. 2010; Hagerty et al. 2001; Layard 2010; Max-Neef et al. 1993; Millennium Ecosystem…”
Background
Measuring and Understanding Urban Parks’ Contribution to Quality of Life in Istanbul
Koramaz, E. K., & Türkoğlu, H. (2017) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-017-1657-6 · Cited by 25
Perceived quality of life in partners of patients undergoing treatment in somatic health, mental health, or substance use disorder units: a cross-sectional study
Birkeland, B., Weimand, B. M., Ruud, T., Høie, M. M., & Vederhus, J. (2017) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0750-5 · Cited by 25
“We included a number of demographic and social indicator variables reflecting living conditions, which may advantageous when examining QoL [26].”
Background
Positive Organizational Scholarship and Agents of Change
Quinn, R. E., & Cameron, K. S. (2019) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0897-301620190000027004 · Cited by 33
Examining the Impact of Environmental Factors on Quality of Life Across Massachusetts
Ogneva-Himmelberger, Y. A., Rakshit, R., & Pearsall, H. (2012) · The Professional Geographer · doi:10.1080/00330124.2011.639631 · Cited by 26
“Quality of life (QOL) has been as broadly defined as “life satisfaction” (Diener and Suh 1997, 200) or specifically as “the factual material and immaterial equipment of life and its perception characterised by health, living environment, legality, equity, work, etc.” (Dutch National Institute for…”
Background
The value of health
Groot, W. N. J., & van den Brink, H. M. (2008) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-8-136 · Cited by 25
The social contract revisited: a re-examination of the influence individualistic and collectivistic value systems have on the psychological wellbeing of young people
Humphrey, A., Bliuc, A., & Molenberghs, P. (2019) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676261.2019.1590541 · Cited by 24
“…items that can capture the ‘darker side’ of individualism, with these different aspects of individualism helping explain past conflicting results in relation to the effects of individualism on wellbeing (Diener, Diener, and Diener 1995; Diener and Suh 1997; Eckersley and Dear 2002; Veenhoven 1999).”
Result
Predicting quality of life during and post detention in incarcerated juveniles
de Ruigh, E. L., Popma, A., Twisk, J. W. R., Wiers, R. W. H. J., van der Baan, H. S., Vermeiren, R. R. J. M., & Jansen, L. M. C. (2019) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-019-02160-6 · Cited by 45
Effects of Rapid Urbanization on the Quality of Life
Bhattarai, K., & Budd, D. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-6958-2_21 · Cited by 24
Life satisfaction in relation to attitudes towards immigrants among Europeans by generational cohorts
Bazán, V., Gil‐Lacruz, A. I., & Gil‐Lacruz, M. (2020) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.10.005 · Cited by 24
Measuring housing affordability. A case study of Flanders on the link between objective and subjective indicators
Heylen, K. (2021) · Housing Studies · doi:10.1080/02673037.2021.1893280 · Cited by 24
“According to Diener & Suh (1997) the main advantage of subjective indicators is that they capture experiences that are significant to the individual.”
BackgroundInfluential
Integrating Capabilities and Ecosystem Services Approaches to evaluate Indigenous connections with nature in a global biodiversity hotspot of Western Ghats, India
Balasubramanian, M., & Sangha, K. K. (2021) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01546 · Cited by 24
“Well-being is often classified into ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ categories (Diener and Suh, 1997; Diener and Tay, 2015; Axford et al., 2014).”
Relationship between Children’s Intergenerational Emotional Support and Subjective Well-Being among Middle-Aged and Elderly People in China: The Mediation Role of the Sense of Social Fairness
Liu, Y., Li, L., Miao, G., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010389 · Cited by 24
“The field is built on the presumption that to understand the individuals’ experiential quality of well-being, it is appropriate to directly examine how a person feels about life in the context of his or her own standards” [9].”
Background
Objective Measurement of Quality of Life Using Secondary Data Analysis
Stimson, R. J., & Marans, R. W. (2011) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1742-8_2 · Cited by 24
“, there was also a parallel succession of government reports on social indicators, including the Social Trends report (General Statistical Office 1970) and books by Moser (1970) and Scheonfield and Shaw (1972).”
BackgroundInfluential
Job satisfaction and subjective well‐being among C zech nurses
Gurková, E., Haroková, S., Džuka, J., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.12133 · Cited by 24
Understanding the Relationship Between Walkability and Quality-of-Life of Women Garment Workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Shumi, S. S., Zuidgeest, M. H. P., Martínez, J. A., et al. (2014) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-014-9312-8 · Cited by 24
“…Campbell et al. (1976) identified that the correlation between social indicators and subjective well-being is not very strong, hence using both measures in parallel is effective because both provide complementary views on different aspects of well-being for different domains (Diener and Suh 1997).”
Multidimensional/Multisystems/Multinature Indicators of Quality of Life: Cross-Cultural Evidence from Mexico and Spain
Santacreu, M., Bustillos, A., & Ballesteros, R. F. (2015) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-015-0906-9 · Cited by 25
Legal Determinants of External Finance Revisited: The Inverse Relationship Between Investor Protection and Societal Well-Being
Collison, D., Cross, S. R., Ferguson, J., et al. (2011) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-011-1098-0 · Cited by 24
“Soon afterwards, there were fundamental changes in the political climate (see, for example, Gray et al. (1995) and since then, at least within the “common law” countries, economic metrics have been “regnant” (Diener and Suh, 1997) as reflected, we would argue, in the criteria used by La Porta et al.”
Result
Yes, health is important, but as much for its importance via social life: The direct and indirect effects of health on subjective well-being in chronically ill individuals
Lamu, A. N., & Olsen, J. A. (2017) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.3536 · Cited by 27
“Thus, SWB measures provide valid and reliable information on how well people—and the wider societies—are doing, thereby assessing quality of life in addition to economic and social indicators (Diener & Suh, 1997).”
Background
How Air Pollution Affects Subjective Well-Being
Darçın, M. (2017) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/67742 · Cited by 26
“[41] define SWB as judging life positively and feeling good.”
Background
Does It Matter How You Retire? Old-Age Retirement Routes and Subjective Economic Well-Being
Palomäki, L. (2018) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-018-1929-9 · Cited by 24
The impact of keratoconus treatment with the Athens Protocol (partial topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy combined with higher-fluence corneal collagen cross-linking) on quality of life: a long-term study
Kanellopoulos, A. J. (2019) · Clinical ophthalmology · doi:10.2147/opth.s188519 · Cited by 24
“of general well-being measures that combines the objective indicators and subjective assessments of natural, physical, social, and emotional well-being taking into consideration the extent of personal growth and meaningful activities.(3) Health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) reflects the difference between patients’…”
Background
Communitarian versus Individualistic Arrangements in the Family: What and Whose Income Matters for Happiness?
Rojas, M. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5110-4_10 · Cited by 24
“Diener and Suh, 1997; Frey and Stutzer, 2000; Fuentes and Rojas, 2001; Easterlin, 1974, 1995, 2001) The finding of a weak or non-existent relationship between income and happiness in cross-section studies is common in this literature.”
Background
2007 Composite Learning Index: Robustness Issues and Critical Assessment
Michaela, S. (2008) · Joint Research Centre (European Commission) · doi:10.2788/7087 · Cited by 24
“Indisputably, the “CLI making” demands a sensitive balance between simplifying a social system and still providing sufficient detail to detect characteristic differences (Diener and Suh, 1997).”
Background
European Cohesion Policy impact on development and convergence: a local empirical analysis in Portugal between 2000 and 2014
Caldas, P., Dollery, B. E., & Marques, R. C. (2018) · European Planning Studies · doi:10.1080/09654313.2018.1449815 · Cited by 24
“Indeed, EU policy specifically aims at improving in economic and social conditions in a broader sense using a wider perspective by employing quality of life concepts (Christoph & Noll, 2003; Diener & Suh, 1997).”
Background
Emotional Development in Adulthood: A Developmental Functionalist Review and Critique.
Consedine, N. S., & Magai, C. (2006) · Cited by 24
Adolescents' subjective well-being in their social contexts
Joronen, K. (2005) · Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University) · Cited by 24
Therapeutic landscapes and tourists’ perceived quality of life
Si, Y., Chen, M., Zhang, M., & Xiao, H. (2024) · Journal of Destination Marketing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2024.100918 · Cited by 28
Measuring community resilience: A critical analysis of a policy-oriented indicator tool
Tan, S. B. (2021) · Environmental and Sustainability Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.indic.2021.100142 · Cited by 30
Host Population Well-Being through Community-Based Tourism and Local Control: Issues and Ways Forward
Giampiccoli, A., Dłużewska, A. M., & Mnguni, E. M. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14074372 · Cited by 40
Satisfaction differences in bus traveling among low-income individuals before and after COVID-19
Sun, F., Jin, M., Zhang, T., & Huang, W. (2022) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2022.04.015 · Cited by 23
“The impact of traveling purpose, traveling distance, and traveling time on the satisfaction is far greater than socioeconomic factors before COVID-19, this result is similar to the results of previous studies (Campbell et al, 1976; Andrews and Withey 1976; Diener and Suh, 1997), and yet impact factors have transferred…”

Authors: Diener, E., & Suh, E.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
ORCID: Diener, Ed
Suh, Eunkook
Venue: Social Indicators Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1997-01
Volume: 40
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 189-216
ISSN: 0303-8300 (ISSN-L)
1573-0921
DOI: 10.1023/a:1006859511756
OpenAlex: W2153621036
Semantic Scholar: c068312ebaa8742299008d37f57cdce5f960a26a
Cited by: 2,092
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 68 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 129 · 2020: 133 · 2019: 118 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 94 · 2015: 105 · 2014: 99 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 97
FWCI: 45.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Social Indicators Research (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Quality of Life Measurement
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy
Keywords: quality of life, well-being measurement, subjective well-being, social indicators, economic indicators, crime, normative ideals, good life, policy evaluation

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MEASURING QUALITY OF LIFE: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND SUBJECTIVE INDICATORS

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