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MEASURING QUALITY OF LIFE: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND SUBJECTIVE INDICATORS
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“The affective part is an evaluation influenced by emotions and feelings, for example, the frequency by which individuals experience pleasant or unpleasant moods in reaction to life circumstances (Diener, 1997).”
From Psychological Well-Being and Its Relationships with Active and Passive Procrastination (2015) · cites this paper as Diener, 1997
In the citing paper
“Diener (1997) inferred that the cognitive component of psychological well-being is an information-based appraisal of ones life satisfaction.”
From Psychological Well-Being and Its Relationships with Active and Passive Procrastination (2015) · cites this paper as Diener, 1997
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Diener, E. (1984) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2350-6_2 · Cited by 12,609
Self-citationФАКТОРЫ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО БЛАГОПОЛУЧИЯ ЛЮДЕЙ ПОЖИЛОГО ВОЗРАСТА
Р., Н. М., & Ю., Б. С. (2026) · CyberLeninK (CyberLeninka) · doi:10.60797/irj.2026.170.43 · Cited by 7,969
The Structure of Psychological Well-Being.
Mechanic, D., & Bradburn, N. M. (1970) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2093340 · Cited by 4,925
Will raising the incomes of all increase the happiness of all
Easterlin, R. (1995) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/0167-2681(95)00003-b · Cited by 3,202
Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.668 · Cited by 2,652 · cited 1×
“Major personality traits that are associated with SWB are extraversion and neuroticism (Costa and McCrae, 1980; Diener et al., 1992), optimism (Scheier and Carver, 1993), and self-esteem (Campbell, 1981; Diener and Diener, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.38.4.668 · Cited by 2,648
The independence of positive and negative affect.
Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.47.5.1105 · Cited by 2,414
Self-citationSocial Indicators of Well-Being: Americans' Perceptions of Life Quality
Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,409
Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00298.x · Cited by 2,383
Self-citationAssessing Subjective Well-Being: Progress and Opportunities
Diener, E. (1994) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf01207052 · Cited by 2,317
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Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Bradburn, N.: 1969, The Structure of PsychologicalWell-Being (Aldine, Chicago).
- Diener, E. and F. Fujita: 1996, 'The beautiful theory and the ugly facts: Imposed social comparisons and subjective well-being', in B. Buunk and R. Gibbons (eds.), Health, Coping, and Social Comparison (Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ).
- Land, K. C.: 1996, 'Social indicators and the quality of life: Where do we stand in the mid-1990s?', SINET 45, pp. 5–8.
- Lears, J. F.: 1996, 'Quality of Life Index', International Living 15, p. 1, pp. 9–18.
- Schwartz, S. H.: 1994, 'Beyond individualism and collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values', in U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, C. Choi and G. Yoon (eds.), Individualismand Collectivism: Theory, Method, and Applications (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA), pp. 85–102.
- Suh, E.: 1994, Emotion Norms, Value, Familiarity, and Subjective Well-Being: A Cross-Cultural Examination. M.A. Thesis. University of Illinois, Champaign. Department of Psychology.
- United Nations: 1991, Compendium of Social Statistics and Indicators: 1988 (United Nations Department of International Economics and Social Affairs, New York).
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“In theories of quality of life (QoL), striving for the good life is regarded as the most important goal in life (eg, Diener & Suh, 1997 ; King, 2001 ; Oliver, Huxley, Bridges, & Mohamad, 1996 ).”
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“For example, Diener and Suh (1997) and Karnitis (2006) acknowledged Leisure and recreation as a key domain in Quality of Life.”
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“…therapy, recreation and leisure studies, and social work (Campbell, Converse, and Rodgers 1976; Diener et al. 1993, 1999; Ryff and Singer 1996; Diener and Suh 1997; Ryff, Keyes, and Hughes 2003; Ryff, Singer, and Love 2004; Carruthers and Hood 2007; Hood and Carruthers 2007, 2016;…”
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“…as GNP and levels of education, crime, and health) as a measurement of quality of life, and advocates have claimed that in combination with objective measures, SWB indicators can provide information that standard indicators cannot offer (Diener, 2006; Diener & Seligman, 2004; Diener & Suh, 1997).”
BackgroundThe Quality of Life in Korea: Comparative and Dynamic Perspectives
Shin, D. C., Rutkowski, C. P., & Park, C.-M. (2003) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0281-2_1 · Cited by 22
“A third, combined approach would seem preferable, in which objective and subjective indicators are employed, to study both the desirability of life conditions and the nature of life experience (Allard, 1976; Diener and Suh, 1997; Veenhoven, 2000).”
BackgroundMultidimensional Well‐being and Regional Disparities in Europe
Döpke, J., Knabe, A., Lang, C., & Maschke, P. (2017) · JCMS Journal of Common Market Studies · doi:10.1111/jcms.12551 · Cited by 24
“Third, those measures that combine both social and subjective well-being indicators (Diener and Suh, 1997).”
A model of psychological well-being among international students
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“Psychological and social adjustments are the underlying reasons for individuals’ attainment of psychological well-being in a new environment (Diener & Suh, 1997).”
BackgroundWangai, P. W., Burkhard, B., Kruse, M., & Müller, F. (2017) · Landscape Online · doi:10.3097/lo.201750 · Cited by 22
“The process of assessing subjective wellbeing through individuals’ responses is also not free from validity and accuracy issues (Diener & Suh 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialQuality of Life among Chronic Disease Patients
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“a considerable impact on politicians and government strategies. In the last decades, scientists offered several alternative approaches to defining and measuring the quality of life, for a summary, see Diener and Suh (1997). Each approach is contained information which is missing from the other. Yet most of them are comp…”
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“‘Continuous choice’, ‘judgement of satisfaction’, and ‘judgement with reference to cultural norms or a value system’ are the three bases when individuals identify what is valuable or not (Diener & Suh, 1997).”
BackgroundGaygısız, E. (2010) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.106.3.949-963 · Cited by 22
Peterson, M. (2006) · Journal of Macromarketing · doi:10.1177/0276146705285682 · Cited by 22
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“During the last few decades both objective and subjective approaches to QOL measurement have been developed (Diener & Suh, 1997).”
BackgroundDelhey, J., Böhnke, P., Habich, R., et al. (2002) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1015783800462 · Cited by 22
Heitkemper, M. M., Jarrett, M. E., Kurashige, E. M., & Carithers, R. L. (2001) · Gastroenterology Nursing · doi:10.1097/00001610-200107000-00002 · Cited by 22
“Quality of life is defined as an individual’s overall satisfaction with life and general sense of well-being and includes health, personal accomplishments, resources, life situation, spirituality, level of activity, and social support (Diener & Suh, 1997).”
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“However, this approach seems to be quite limited nowadays (Costanza et al., 2009; Diener & Seligman, 2004; Diener & Suh, 1997; Stiglitz et al., 2009).”
Yin, J., Cheng, X., Yi, Z., Deng, L., & Liu, Y. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03303-w · Cited by 23
“Subjective well-being refers to an individual’s perception that their life is desirable, regardless of how others may view it [49].”
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“Indeed, ‘[p]eople’s psychological adjustment strategies to objective conditions appear to be remarkably f lexible’ (Diener and Suh 1997, p. 202).”
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“In addition, previous studies have demonstrated that household income is a primary driver behind both objective and subjectivewellbeing (Diener and Suh 1997,Western andTomaszewski 2016).”
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“These indicators of the QOL of populations can be derived from socio-economic statistical data collected by governments and survey data (Diener and Suh 1997).”
BackgroundTourism, Quality of Life, and Residents of A Rural Town
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“…including the subjective well-being (SWB) and bottom-up spillover theory of SWB (e.g., Andrews & Withey, 1976; Diener, Lucas, & Oishi, 2002; Diener & Suh, 1997) are considered TOURISM, QUALITY OF LIFE, AND RESIDENTS OF A RURAL TOWN ABEL DUARTE ALONSO* AND JULIE NYANJOM† *School of…”
BackgroundWell-Being and Associated Factors among Women in the Gender-Segregated Country
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“The field is built on the presumption that to understand the individuals’ experiential quality of well-being, it is appropriate to directly examine how a person feels about life in the context of his or her own standards” [3].”
BackgroundSpor Bilimleri Alanında Eğitim Alan Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Yaşam Doyum Düzeylerinin Araştırılması
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“We prefer this to the World Health Organization well-being measure, since it provides greater societal-level variance and is widely used in the literature (Clark and Oswald, 1996; Diener and Suh, 1997; Russell et al., 2013; Wulfgramm, 2014) Average well-being among employed youths, ranges from around six points in Gre…”
BackgroundMethodSocial-cultural impacts of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor on the well-being of local community
Sun, Y., Ghani, U., Pitafi, A. H., et al. (2020) · Journal of Transport and Land Use · doi:10.5198/jtlu.2020.1724 · Cited by 21
“Subjective wellbeing is therefore described as an individual’s cognitive and emotional evaluation of his/her life (Diener & Suh, 1997).”
BackgroundPSİKOLOJİK SAĞLAMLIK İLE YAŞAM DOYUMU ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİDE ÖZ YETERLİĞİN ARACI ETKİSİ
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“Interpretations of these findings should include the understanding that economic well-being has been assessed both objectively and subjectively, and each approach can provide unique information (Diener and Suh 1997).”
BackgroundInfluences on current mood of eliciting life-satisfaction judgments
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“As measured in this research, SWB includes a cognitive and an affective component (Diener & Lucas, 2000 ; Diener & Suh, 1997 ).”
MethodEvans, M., Kelley, J., Kelley, S., & Kelley, C. (2017) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9917-3 · Cited by 25
“Despite this finding, research demonstrates that single-item measures of subjective wellbeing have good reliability and that multiple-item scales have even better reliability (Diener and Suh 1997; Headey and Wearing 1992).”
BackgroundResultImproving the Quality of Life of Urban Communities in Developing Countries
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“…reported overall health (Ocampo, 2010) 3) well-being: subjective experiences of life with respect to satisfaction, pleasant and unpleasant feelings (Diener & Suh, 1997) 4) quality of life: perceived position in life in a cultural and value systems context and in relation to goals, expectations,…”
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“Emotions, as a major component of mental health [5], include positive and negative attributes that provide real-time feedback on mental health.”
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“Our study focuses on the monitoring function of community studies and applies a set of objective and subjective social indicators that are capable of assessing quality of life from different angles (Campbell et al. 1976; Diener and Suh 1997; Veenhoven 2002; Marans 2003).”
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“This selection of domains for the model should be guided by theory, evidence (gained through empirical analysis), and practicality and/or intuitive appeal (Diener and Suh, 1997).”
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“One aspect of such interactions in extant literature focuses on criticizing GDP as the main policy indicator of societal progress, and the proposing of alternative indicators that better reflect desired societal goals, while incorporating both subjective well-being and environmental indicators (Diener and Suh, 1997; F…”
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“…well-being targets the positive and negative effects which are defined as positive and negative emotions and moods that a person feels (Diener and Suh, 1997); while burnout is a syndrome conceptualized as resulting from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed (World…”
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“Ackerman and Paolucci (1983) reported that as the adequacy of income (measured both objectively and subjectively) increased, the quality of life, assessed as satisfaction with life, also increased.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWang, D., Fang, C., Gao, B., et al. (2011) · Chinese Geographical Science · doi:10.1007/s11769-011-0477-x · Cited by 20
Intervensi Kebersyukuran dan Kesejahteraan Penyandang Disabilitas Fisik
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Subjective Wellbeing and Sleep Problems: A Bivariate Twin Study
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“SWB refers to people’s subjective and multidimensional evaluations of their lives, and the construct embraces a cognitive component of life satisfaction as well as two affective components: the presence of positive affect and the absence of negative affect (e.g., Diener & Suh, 1997).”
BackgroundStakeholder Engagement in Tourism Planning and Development
Chase, L., Amsden, B. L., & Phillips, R. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2288-0_28 · Cited by 20
Life Satisfaction, Dieting Behavior, and Weight Perceptions among College Students
Zullig, K. J., Pun, S. M., & Huebner, E. S. (2007) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-007-9027-1 · Cited by 20
“Subjective measures, on the other hand, refer to individuals’ internal judgments of the quality of their overall lives and/or specific life domains (e.g., satisfaction with friends, family, living environment, etc.; Diener and Suh 1997 ).”
BackgroundThe Construction of an Integrated and Transparent Index of Wellbeing
Stanojević, A., & Benčina, J. (2018) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-018-2016-y · Cited by 21
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“Such approaches measure the levels of wellbeing generated by a nation’s economic productivity, employment and household income (Diener, 1984; Diener & Suh, 1997; Easterlin, 1974), adopting a universal definition of wellbeing as a state of individual happiness, life satisfaction, absence of anxiety…”
BackgroundGreen Tribology And Quality Of Life
Assenova, E., Majstorović, V., Vencl, A., et al. (2012) · MACHINERY - Repository of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering (University of Belgrade) · Cited by 20
Subjective Measures of Well‐Being: Philosophical Perspectives
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The Strength of Religious Beliefs is Important for Subjective Well-Being
Colón-Bacó, E. (2010) · Digital Commons at Illinois Wesleyan University (Illinois Wesleyan University) · Cited by 19
The Factors Affecting Life Satisfaction: Recreation Benefits and Quality of Life Perspectives
Li, C.-L., & Wang, C. (2012) · Sports & Exercise Research · doi:10.5297/ser.1404.001 · Cited by 19
Landscaping preferences influence neighborhood satisfaction and yard management decisions
Andrade, R., Hondula, D. M., Larson, K. L., et al. (2021) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.126983 · Cited by 19
Implementing Gehl’s Theory to Study Urban Space. The Case of Monotowns
Cerrone, D., Baeza, J. L., Lehtovuori, P., et al. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13095105 · Cited by 19
“…to measure quality of life (QoL), but most of them still rely on very general information on the economy, society, and subjectivity and experience [24] of the model presented by the World Health Organization which follows even more personal domain believed to describe mental health: physical,…”
BackgroundMaurer, M. L., Cook, E. M., Yoon, L., Visnic, O., Orlove, B., Culligan, P. J., & Mailloux, B. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Sustainable Cities · doi:10.3389/frsc.2021.709997 · Cited by 20
“…literature, we define subjective well-being (SWB) as a composite of an individual’s perception of satisfaction with their life as a whole, their happiness at the present or given moment, and their level of stress and/or anxiety (Diener and Suh, 1997; Manderscheid et al., 2010; Das et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMartin‐Wylie, E., Urmston, E., & Redding, E. (2022) · Arts & Health · doi:10.1080/17533015.2022.2156562 · Cited by 19
“…Regional Office for Europe came to a general consensus that SWB can be measured at an individual level by asking a single question about life satisfaction or by using a questionnaire, such as the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener & Suh, 1997) or the Personal Wellbeing Index (Tomyn et al., 2011).”
MethodMeasuring PERMA+4: validation of the German version of the Positive Functioning at Work Scale
Lorenz, T., Ho, J., Beyer, M., & Hagitte, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1231299 · Cited by 23
“Several researchers have attempted to identify the fundamental components that contribute to high levels of wellbeing (Ryff, 1989a; Diener and Suh, 1997; Ryff and Singer, 2008).”
BackgroundInter-temporal choice and self-control: saving and borrowing
Webley, P., & Nyhus, E. K. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511490118.005 · Cited by 20
The Concept of ‘Quality of Life’ in the Context of Economic Performance and Social Progress
Rokicka, E. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01481-4_2 · Cited by 21
“Sometimes they can represent projections, rather than the actual situation (Diener and Suh 1997).”
BackgroundMathiti, V. (2006) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430500258289 · Cited by 19
“The proposition of the preference satisfaction theory is that a good life for a person pertains to the degree that his/her preferences or desires are fulfilled (Scanlon, 1993; Diener & Suh, 1997 ).”
BackgroundASSESSING QUALITY OF LIFE: CURRENT APPROACHES
Ilić, I. O., Milić, I., & Aranđelović, M. (2010) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 19
Bridging the energy divide and securing higher collective well-being in a climate-constrained world
Ribas, A., Lucena, A. F. P., & Schaeffer, R. (2017) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.06.017 · Cited by 20
“The subjective approach attempts to measure life satisfaction or people’s moods and emotions (DIENER AND SUH, 1997; GASPER, 2004 and 2005).”
BackgroundOreg, S., & Sverdlik, N. (2018) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2152 · Cited by 19
“…one could argue that individuals in societies that emphasize their development and growth, in which quality of living and subjective well-being tend to be high (e.g. Diener & Suh, 1997), will tend to prefer their routines more than those who live in societies with lower levels of development.”
BackgroundQuality of Life Regional Differences: Case of Self-Governing Regions of Slovakia
Oláh, J., Hajduová, Z., Lacko, R., et al. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12072924 · Cited by 19
“The third definition of quality of life comes from the perspective of individuals [2].”
BackgroundChin, W. L., & Hampton, M. P. (2020) · Tourism and hospitality management · doi:10.20867/thm.26.2.3 · Cited by 19
“Nevertheless, to get a more holistic picture in measuring the QOL of a society, Diener and Suh (1997), argued that SWB are imperative indicators that should be included to fully comprehend and assess the accurate perceptions of society.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFinancial Stress and Subjective Wellbeing among Children -Evidence from Finland
Lindberg, M., Nygård, M., Nyqvist, F., & Hakovirta, M. (2020) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-020-09779-9 · Cited by 32
“The cognitive components of wellbeing (CWB), on the other hand, can be interpreted as a measure of how satisfied children are with their lives on the whole (Diener et al. 1999; Diener and Suh 1997).”
BackgroundAl-Qawasmi, J. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13094945 · Cited by 23
“This conceptual model is adopted because there is a degree of consensus on it within the field [2,3,6,10].”
BackgroundHousing and Quality of Life for Migrant Communities in Western Europe: A Capabilities Approach
Coates, D., Anand, P., & Norris, M. (2013) · Journal on Migration and Human Security · doi:10.1177/233150241300100403 · Cited by 19
Quality of life: a reappraisal
Gomes, M. C. S., Pinto, M. L. R., & dos Santos, G. G. (2010) · International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy · doi:10.1108/01443331011072307 · Cited by 19
“In order to understand the phenomenon, it is important and consensual among researchers, both in Europe and in the United States of America, that objective measures as well as subjective measures should be used (Cummins, 2000; Diener and Suh, 1997; Felce and Perry, 1995; Türksever and Atalik, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Determinants of Life Satisfaction in a Low-Income, Poor Community in South Africa
Meyer, D. F., & Dunga, S. H. (2014) · Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n13p163 · Cited by 20
“The importance of the measurement and value of well-being and associated concepts has been motivated successfully by leaders in the field of research (Diener et al., 2008; Diener & Suh, 1997).”
BackgroundWilks, S. E., Boyd, P. A., Bates, S. M., Cain, D. S., & Geiger, J. R. (2017) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301217703242 · Cited by 25
Exploring the impacts of coal mining on host communities in Shanxi, China – using subjective data
Li, Q., Stoeckl, N., King, D., & Gyuris, E. (2017) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.03.012 · Cited by 19
Measurement of social development: evidence from India
Kumar, N. (2017) · International Journal of Social Economics · doi:10.1108/ijse-01-2016-0001 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Diener, E., & Suh, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Venue
- Social Indicators Research
- Published
- 1997-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 189-216
- ISSN
- 0303-8300 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-0921
- OpenAlex
- W2153621036
- Semantic Scholar
- c068312ebaa8742299008d37f57cdce5f960a26a
- Cited by
- 2,092
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 129 · 2020: 133 · 2019: 118 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 94 · 2015: 105 · 2014: 99 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 97
- FWCI
- 45.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Social Indicators Research (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Quality of Life Measurement
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy
- Keywords
- quality of life, well-being measurement, subjective well-being, social indicators, economic indicators, crime, normative ideals, good life, policy evaluation
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