Cited by 430Psychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and AssessmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R): A German validation study

Schmitz, N., Hartkamp, N., Kiuse, J., Franke, G.H., Reister, G., Tress, W.·2000·Quality of Life Research

DOI 10.1023/a:1008931926181

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R) is a widely used psychological status symptom inventory. The properties of the German SCL-90-R version were studied in two clinical samples: psychosomatic outpatients and primary care patients. The data were compared with a German community sample. The internal consistency, measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficients, was found to be high, for the global scale and all original subscales. Mokken scale analysis indicated hierarchical structure for most of the subscales. Concurrent validity, evaluated by studying the relationship between the SCL-90-R subscales and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-C) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was also high. On the basis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, it was found that the SCL-90-R was able to differentiate between subjects known to have a given psychological disorder and those who do not. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis failed to support the original nine factor model and two subsequent factor models. The strong interdependence of the original subscales and the strong first unrotated factor of the exploratory factor analyses raised concern regarding the multi-dimensionality of the SCL-90-R subscales. We concluded that the SCL-90-R is a useful tool for measuring psychological status, measuring change in outcome studies, or screening for mental disorders.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1023/a:1008931926181

Cites

32 of 32 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

SCL-90: an outpatient psychiatric rating scale--preliminary report.
Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., & Covi, L. (1973) · PubMed · Cited by 3,800
Inventory of interpersonal problems: Psychometric properties and clinical applications.
Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S. E., Baer, B. A., Ureño, G., & Villaseñor, V. S. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.885 · Cited by 2,026
Sex Differences and the Epidemiology of Depression
Weissman, M. M. (1977) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770130100011 · Cited by 1,853
The Epidemiology of Social Stress
Turner, R. J., Wheaton, B., & Lloyd, D. A. (1995) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096348 · Cited by 1,362
A Theory and Procedure of Scale Analysis: With Applications in Political Research
Mokken, R. J. (1971) · doi:10.1515/9783110813203 · Cited by 1,120
A Theory and Procedure of Scale Analysis.
Henry, N. W., & Mokken, R. J. (1973) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2062452 · Cited by 626
Basic Principles of Structural Equation Modeling
Mueller, R. O. (1996) · Springer texts in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3974-1 · Cited by 587
Confirmatory factor analysis of the styles of handling interpersonal conflict: First-order factor model and its invariance across groups.
Rahim, M. A., & Magner, N. R. (1995) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.80.1.122 · Cited by 519
Diagnosing mental disorders in primary care: the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the Symptom Check List (SCL-90-R) as screening instruments
Schmitz, N., Kruse, J., Heckrath, C., Alberti, L., & Tress, W. (1999) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050156 · Cited by 276
Self-citation
USE OF RELATIVE OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSIS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
Erdreich, L. S., & Lee, E. T. (1981) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113236 · Cited by 275

Show all 32 references

Research works printed but not linked: 11

Derogatis LR. The Symptom Checklist-90-revised. Minneapolis, MN: NCS Assessments, 1992.
Franke GH. SCL-90-R: Die Symptom-Check-Liste von Derogatis-Deutsche Version. Göttingen: Beltz Test Gesellschaft, 1995.
Rief W, Greitemeyer M, Fichter MM. Die Symptom Check List SCL-90-R: Ñberprüfung an 900 psychosomatischen Patienten. Diagnostica 1991; 37: 58-65.
Franke GH. Eine weitere Ñberprüfung der Symptom-Check-Liste (SCL-90-R) als Forschungsinstrument. Diagnostica 1992; 38: 160-167.
Schepank H. DerBeeinträchtigungsschwerescore (BSS). Ein Instrument zur Bestimmung der Schwere einer psych-ogenen Erkrankung. Goéttingen: Beltz Test Gesellschaft, 1995.
Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc., 1990.
Tress W, Kruse J, Heckrath C, Schmitz N, Alberti L. Psychogene Erkrankungen in hausärztlichen Praxen. Zschpsychosom Med 1997; 43: 211-232.
Kruse J, Heckrath C, Schmitz N, Alberti L, Tress W. Zur hausärztlichen Diagnose und Versorgung psychogener Kranker-Ergebnisse einer Feldstudie. Psychother Psychosom med Psychol 1999; 49: 14-22.
Molenaar IW, Debets P, Sijtsma K, Hemker BT. MSP, a Program for Mokken Scale Analysis for Polytomous Items. Groningen, The Netherlands: IEC ProGamma, 1994.
Goldberg D. Detecting psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972.
SAS Institute Inc. SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc., 1994.

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 430

Mental Health of Primary and Secondary School Teachers in the Remote Mountain Areas
Fang, G., Zhou, X., Xin, Y., Li, M., Fang, L., Zhang, W., Li, B., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59050971 · Cited by 23
“It has shown good reliability and validity in discriminating psychosomatic symptoms [28,29].”
Background
Pluralized life courses? An exploration of the life trajectories of individuals with psychiatric disorders
Müller, N. S., Sapin, M., Gauthier, J., Orita, A., & Widmer, E. D. (2011) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764010393630 · Cited by 18
“…show higher scores for women regarding self-reported distress, particularly regarding depression and anxiety (e.g. Turner et al., 1995) and this same effect had been previously found by Schmitz et al. (2000) in a German validation study of the SCL90-R, although the differences were generally small.”
BackgroundResult
Exploratory Factor Analysis of SCL90-R Symptoms Relevant to Psychosis.
Bakhshaie, J., Sharifi‎, V., & Amini, J. (2011) · PubMed Central · Cited by 15
The three factors of the psychoticism scale of SCL‐90‐R
Pedersen, G., Urnes, Ø., Kvarstein, E. H., & Karterud, S. (2014) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1278 · Cited by 15
“Factor analyses of the SCL-90-R scales have on the other hand given diverse results (Cyr, McKenna-Foley, & Peacock, 1985; Hafkenscheid, 1993; Pariente et al., 1989; Schmitz et al., 2000; Vassend & Skrondal, 1999), often demonstrating only one large factor alone.”
MethodResult
Work-related medical rehabilitation in patients with musculoskeletal disorders: the protocol of a propensity score matched effectiveness study (EVA-WMR, DRKS00009780)
Neuderth, S., Schwarz, B., Gerlich, C., Schüler, M., Markus, M., & Bethge, M. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3437-7 · Cited by 15
“Somatization Somatization will be assessed by using seven items from the Symptom Check-List-90-R [43].”
Method
Stressful life events and psychosocial correlates of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease activity
Giannakopoulos, G., Chouliaras, G., Margoni, D., Korlou, S., Hantzara, V., Panayotou, I., Roma, E. S., Liakopoulou, M., & Anagnostopoulos, D. C. (2016) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v6.i3.322 · Cited by 15
The course of (comorbid) trauma-related, dissociative and personality disorders: two year follow up of the Friesland study cohort
Swart, S., Wildschut, M., Draijer, N., Langeland, W., Hoogendoorn, A. W., & Smit, J. H. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1750171 · Cited by 15
“The reliability of the SCL-90-R ranged from .78 to .93 (Schmitz et al., 2000).”
Background
Mental Health in the Workforce: an Occupational Psychiatric Study
Larsen, A., Bøggild, H., Mortensen, J. T., Foldager, L., Hansen, J. C., Christensen, A., Arendt, M. C. B. B., & Munk‐Jørgensen, P. (2010) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764009345059 · Cited by 15
“The threshold value was chosen in accordance with the European validations of the instrument (Holi et al., 2003; Schmitz et al., 2000).”
Method
Child and Parent Mental Health Problems in Pediatric Celiac Disease
Giannakopoulos, G., Margoni, D., Chouliaras, G. L., Panayiotou, J., Zellos, A., Papadopoulou, A., Liakopoulou, M., Chrousos, G. P., Kanaka‐Gantenbein, C., Kolaitis, G. A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000002769 · Cited by 14
“The psychometric properties of the SCL-90-R GSI have been found suitable in previous research (20), supporting, therefore, its use as a self-report measure.”
Method
Does parental mental health mediate the association between parents' perceived stress and parent-infant bonding during the early COVID-19 pandemic?
Power, C., Weise, V., Mack, J. T., Karl, M., & Garthus‐Niegel, S. (2024) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105931 · Cited by 14
Study protocol: Transition from localized low back pain to chronic widespread pain in general practice: Identification of risk factors, preventive factors and key elements for treatment – A cohort study
Viniol, A., Jegan, N. R. A., Leonhardt, C., Strauch, K., Brugger, M., Barth, J., Baum, E., & Becker, A. (2012) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-13-77 · Cited by 14
“52) [32].”
Exercise Obsession and Compulsion in Adults With Longstanding Eating Disorders: Validation of the Norwegian Version of the Compulsive Exercise Test
Vrabel, K. R., & Bratland‐Sanda, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02370 · Cited by 14
Response inhibition or salience detection in the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex?
Walther, S., Friederich, H., Stippich, C., Weisbrod, M., & Kaiser, S. (2011) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e32834af670 · Cited by 14
Psychological Distress and Dyslipidemia in Chinese Police Officers
Chen, X., Leng, L., Yu, H., Yang, X., Dong, G., Yue, S., Chen, J., & Tang, N. (2015) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000000372 · Cited by 14
Validating Four Standard Scales in Spiritually Practicing and Nonpracticing Samples Using Propensity Score Matching
Kohls, N., & Walach, H. (2008) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.14.3.165 · Cited by 14
Emotional Reactivity in Adolescents With Non-suicidal Self-injury and Its Predictors: A Longitudinal Study
Kandsperger, S., Schleicher, D., Ecker, A., Keck, F., Bentheimer, S., Brunner, R. M., & Jarvers, I. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.902964 · Cited by 13
Properties of the Symptom Check List (SCL-90–R) in a Psychosomatic Consultation-Liaison Setting
Schmitz, N., Hartkamp, N., Franz, M., Buse, S., Karig, R., & Tress, W. (2002) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.2002.90.3c.1201 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
DIMENSIONES PSICOPATOLÓGICAS ASOCIADAS AL CONSUMO DE TABACO EN POBLACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA
Hoz, E. V., Viñas, F., Ferrer, J., Caparrós, B., Guerra, I. P., & Canals, M. C. (2004) · Universitat de Girona Digital Repository (Universitat de Girona) · Cited by 13
Living in Cohousing Communities: Psychological Effects and Coping Strategies in Times of COVID-19
Schetsche, C., Jaume, L. C., Galvagno, L. G. G., & Elgier, Á. M. (2020) · Interpersona An International Journal on Personal Relationships · doi:10.5964/ijpr.v14i2.4257 · Cited by 14
“In contrast to this, they highlight that other instruments, such as the SCL-90-R, have not been successful in obtaining these results in different samples, such as in a normal population and in another of psychosomatic patients (Hessel, Schumacher, Geyer, & Brähler, 2001; Olsen, Mortensen, & Bech, 2004; Rytilä-Mannine…”
Result
Mental health symptoms and suicidality in Iranian gay men
Kabir, A., & Brinsworth, J. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721001264 · Cited by 14
“, 1973) since the sub-scales did not differentiate well in factor analyses (Cyr, McKenna-Foley, & Peacock, 1985; Schmitz et al., 2000).”
Background
Psychopathological Symptom Dimensions in Patients with Gastrointestinal Disorders
Kovács, Z., Seres, G., Kerékgyártó, O., & Czobor, P. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-010-9212-5 · Cited by 13
“Specifically, in Schmitz et al.’s study ( Schmitz et al., 2000 ), the first factor accounted for 28.7% of variance, whereas in Rief and”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Do personality traits predict outcome of psychodynamically oriented psychosomatic inpatient treatment beyond initial symptoms?
Steinert, C., Klein, S., Leweke, F., & Leichsenring, F. (2014) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12064 · Cited by 16
Incremental Validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 and Symptom Checklist–90–Revised With Mental Health Inpatients
Simonds-Bisbee, E. C., Handel, R. W., & Archer, R. P. (2008) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191107307529 · Cited by 13
Long-term risk for mental health symptoms in Dutch ISAF veterans: the role of perceived social support
van der Wal, S. J., Geuze, E., & Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721005389 · Cited by 12
“The SCL-90 has good internal consistency, discriminant validity, and concurrent validity (Carrozzino et al., 2016; Holi, Sammallahti, & Aalberg, 1998; Schmitz et al., 2000).”
Background
Elucidating therapist differences: Therapists’ interpersonal skills and their effect on treatment outcome
Schwartz, B., Hehlmann, M. I., Deisenhofer, A., Rubel, J. A., Fischer, L., Lutz, W., & Schöttke, H. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104689 · Cited by 12
Clinical Efficacy and Therapeutic Alliance in a Time-Limited Group Therapy for Young Adults
Lenzo, V., Gargano, M. T., Mucciardi, M., Verso, G. L., & Quattropani, M. C. A. (2014) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2014.151 · Cited by 12
“11 According to the German study (Schmitz et al., 2000) samples do not overlap, so in order to calculate RCI (Jacobson et al., 1991) the cut-off point between the two populations, which represents the intersecting point between the two distributions, has to be considered.”
Background
Somatization and Coping in Ethnic Minority Recruits
Nakkas, C., Annen, H., & Brand, S. (2019) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usz014 · Cited by 14
Associations with quality of life and the effect of psychopathology in a community study
Rogers, J. P., Hengartner, M. P., Angst, J., Ajdacic‐Gross, V., & Wulf Rössler, A. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0841-0 · Cited by 12
“The SCL-90-R has historically shown good internal consistency and test–retest reliability [21, 22].”
Background
Empirical assessment of functional somatic disorder (FSD): frequency, applicability, and diagnostic refinement in a population-based sample
Smakowski, A., Rosmalen, J. G. M., Löwe, B., Burton, C., & Toussaint, A. C. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-04042-w · Cited by 11
“Finally, the duration of six symptoms (difficulty breathing, hot or cold spells, nausea, localised weakness, numbness and dizziness) was indirectly determined by the presence of the symptom on the SCL-90 [54] at separate time points; these symptoms may be susceptible to fluctuations over time.”
Psychiatric Comorbidity and Quality of Life in Patients with Post-Stroke Emotional Incontinence
Choi, D.-H., Jeong, B.-O., Kang, H., Kim, S., Kim, J., Shin, I., Kim, J., Park, M., Cho, K.-H., & Yoon, J. (2013) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2013.10.4.382 · Cited by 11
Intervention of Collective Exercise on the Mental Health of Elderly Hypertensive Patients.
Wen-xin, X., Li, M., & Yao, J. (2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 11
Sleep Supports Memory of Odors in Adults but Not in Children
Prehn‐Kristensen, A., Lotzkat, K., Bauhofer, E. C., Wiesner, C. D., & Baving, L. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139069 · Cited by 13
Psychometric properties of the Danish versions of Headache-Specific Locus of Control Scale and Headache Management Self-Efficacy Scale
Hansen, J. S., Bendtsen, L., & Jensen, R. (2009) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1007/s10194-009-0143-1 · Cited by 11
“Some cross-cultural validation studies have only found support for the GSI, since all subscales were highly correlated [25, 26].”
Background
An interdisciplinary therapeutic approach for dealing with patients attributing chronic fatigue and functional memory disorders to environmental poisoning – a pilot study
Lacour, M., Zunder, T., Dettenkofer, M., Schönbeck, S., Lüdtke, R., & Scheidt, C. E. (2002) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1078/1438-4639-00103 · Cited by 11
The contribution of transdiagnostic vulnerability factors in patients with chronic insomnia
Habibi Asgarabad, M., Doos Ali Vand, H., Salehi Yegaei, P., Hooman, F., Ahmadi, R., Baglioni, C., & Moradi, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1162729 · Cited by 10
The within-person bidirectional association between physical activity and loneliness in the daily lives of adolescents and young adults
Jennen, L., Mazereel, V., Vansteelandt, K., Menne‐Lothmann, C., Decoster, J., Derom, C. A., Thiery, E. W., Rutten, B. P. F., Jacobs, N., van Os, J., et al. (2022) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2022.100499 · Cited by 13
Large-scale real-world data on a multidisciplinary approach to spinal cord stimulation for persistent spinal pain syndromes: first evaluation of the Neuro-Pain® nationwide screening and follow-up interactive register
Bernaerts, L., Roelant, E., Lecomte, F., Moens, M., Buyten, J. V., Billet, B., Bryon, B., Puylaert, M., Tuna, T., Malone, M., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1322105 · Cited by 10
Childhood trauma as a predictor of change in couple and family therapy: A study of treatment response.
Whittaker, K. J., Johnson, S. U., Solbakken, O. A., Wampold, B. E., & Tilden, T. (2021) · Couple and Family Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cfp0000181 · Cited by 10
The Mental Health and Life Satisfaction of Children of Drug Abusers in Wenzhou, China
Shi, G., Wu, X., Yi, Y., Yu, M.-J., Tian, Z., Wang, W., & Wu, H. (2014) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-014-9332-4
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adulthood Negotiation in Intimate Partner Violence: The Sequentially Paradoxical Role of Interpersonal Sensitivity Among Female Inmates
Johns, L., Maharjan, S., Magana, G., Kamptner, L., & Lewin, M. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518823298 · Cited by 11
“In addition, the SCL-90-R has been shown to have strong convergent validity (Prinz et al., 2013; Schmitz et al., 2000) and a factor structure comprising related but distinct psychological dimensions (Grande, Newmeyer, Underwood, & Williams, 2014).”
Background
Association between brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and psychiatric symptoms in medicated and unmedicated patients
Soloey-Nilsen, H., Nygaard-Odeh, K., Kristiansen, M. G., Brekke, O., Mollnes, T. E., Reitan, S. K., & Øiesvold, T. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03744-2 · Cited by 10
“Each of the 90 items is rated on a five-point scale, ranging from, not at all (0) to extremely (4) [15].”
Background
Expectation focused and frequency enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for patients with major depression (EFFECT): a study protocol of a randomised active-control trial
Ewen, A.-C. I., Bleichhardt, G. M., Rief, W., von Blanckenburg, P., Wambach, K., & Wilhelm, M. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065946 · Cited by 10
Are Symptoms of Late Whiplash Specific? A Comparison of SCL-90-R Symptom Profiles of Patients with Late Whiplash and Patients with Chronic Pain Due to Other Types of Trauma
Radanov, B. P., Mannion, A. F., & Ballinari, P. (2011) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.101112 · Cited by 9
Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Employees with Mental Disorders or Musculoskeletal Diseases after Sickness-Related Absence: Validation of the German Version of the Return-to-Work Self-Efficacy Scale
Hansmann, M., Beller, J., Maurer, F., & Kröger, C. B. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191610093 · Cited by 9
The impact of postpartum obsessive-compulsive symptoms on child development and the mediating role of the parent–child relationship: A prospective longitudinal study
Blum, S., Mack, J. T., Weise, V., Kopp, M., Asselmann, E., Martini, J., & Garthus‐Niegel, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.886347 · Cited by 12
Study protocol of the Berlin Research Initiative for Diagnostics, Genetics and Environmental Factors in Schizophrenia (BRIDGE-S)
Braun, A., Kraft, J., & Ripke, S. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04447-4 · Cited by 10
“Franke G. Die Symptom-Checkliste von Derogatis (SCL-90-R) - Deutsche Version - Manual.”
BackgroundInfluential
Is disease activity associated with social support and psychological distress in Crohn’s disease patients? Results of a cross-sectional study in a Chinese hospital population
Huang, M., Tu, L., Wu, L., Zou, Y., Li, X., Yue, X., Huang, C., Lei, P., Li, Q., Han, P., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076219 · Cited by 9
Comparison between the SCL‐90‐R and MMPI in TMD patients with psychological problems
Kim, M., Lim, M., Park, W., & Kho, H. (2011) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01854.x · Cited by 9
A trait emotional intelligence perspective on schema modes
Jacobs, I., Wollny, A., Seidler, J., & Wochatz, G. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12670 · Cited by 11
The Effects of Group Art Therapy on Reducing Psychological Stress and Improving the Quality of Life in Iranian Newcomer Children (Les effets de l’art-thérapie de groupe sur la réduction du stress psychologique et l’amélioration de la qualité de vie d’enfants nouveaux arrivants iraniens)
Gerami, M. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/26907240.2021.1883856 · Cited by 10
Defensive functioning and psychopathology: a study with the REM-71
Prunas, A., Preti, E., Huemer, J., Shaw, R. J., & Steiner, H. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.06.008 · Cited by 9
Psychische Belastung bei deutschsprachigen jugendlichen und heranwachsenden Inhaftierten in der Hafteingangssituation
Obschonka, M. (2010) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2010.59.2.101 · Cited by 9
Incorporating qualitative approaches is the path to adequate understanding of the psychosocial impact of polycystic ovary syndrome
Moreira, S. N. T., & Azevedo, G. D. (2006) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/del239 · Cited by 9
Psychological interventions for generalized anxiety disorder: Effects and predictors in a naturalistic outpatient setting
Krzikalla, C., Morina, N., Andor, T., Nohr, L., & Buhlmann, U. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282902 · Cited by 8
“The SCL-90-R has good psychometric properties [68], and the internal consistency in the current sample was α = .”
Validation of the Employment Precariousness Scale and its associations with mental health outcomes: results from a prospective community-based study of pregnant women and their partners in Dresden, Germany
Karl, M., Staudt, A., Vives, A., Kopp, M., Weise, V., Mack, J. T., Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Seidler, A., & Garthus‐Niegel, S. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077206 · Cited by 8
“54 To investigate prospective associations of PE and mental health outcomes, multivariate regression analyses with the EPRES-Ge score as the independent variable and respective mental health outcomes as dependent variables were conducted.”
Method
Psychological problems and their impact on oral mucosal disease patients’ quality of life: A cross-sectional study in the Chinese population
Ye, Y., Wu, J., Dai, Y., Tan, Y., You, Y., & Tan, J. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38210 · Cited by 10
“This scale is shown to be more accurate than traditional surveys using the SCL-90 scale [56].”
Method
Testing a life history model of psychopathology: A replication and extension
Kahl, B. L., Kavanagh, P. S., & Gleaves, D. H. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01062-y · Cited by 9
“There are criticisms of the validity of the subscales of the SCL-90 with some studies demonstrating limited discriminant validity; however, there is also increased agreement on the multidimensional nature of the scale (Bech et al. 2014; Schmitz et al. 2000; Sereda and Dembitskyi 2016).”
Background
Zum Einfluss der Bindungsdimensionen „Angst“ und „Vermeidung“ auf den psychosomatischen Beschwerdedruck
Wulf, M.-A., Apolinário-Hagen, J., & Tress, W. (2012) · Zeitschrift für psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie · doi:10.13109/zptm.2012.58.4.374 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Validación del SCL-27 en población general y en población clínica argentina
Góngora, V., & Solano, A. C. (2021) · Psicodebate · doi:10.18682/pd.v21i1.4018 · Cited by 9
“Las propiedades psicométricas de este instrumento fueron estudiadas en distintos países, entre ellos Estados Unidos (Derogatis, 1977; Kevin Chapman, Petrie, & Vines, 2012), Italia (Preti, Carta, & Petretto, 2019; Prunas, Sarno, Preti, Madeddu, & Perugini, 2012), Francia (Fortin, Coutu-Wakulczyk, & Engelsmann, 1989), A…”
BackgroundInfluential
The physiological orienting response in female adolescents with borderline personality disorder
Koenig, J., Brunner, R. M., Parzer, P., Resch, F., & Kaess, M. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.04.012 · Cited by 8
“The German version (Schmitz et al., 2000) of the Symptom Checklist-90R (SCL-90-R; Derogatis, 1986; Derogatis and Unger, 2010) was used as self-report measure of general psychopathological distress.”
Mindfulness-Based Integrative Programme: The effectiveness, acceptability, and predictors of responses to a novel low-dose mindfulness-based intervention
Burić, I., Žderić, L., Koch, P., & de Bruin, C. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.12.076 · Cited by 11
Treatment Motivation and Burden of Stress among Parents of Adolescents with Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Presenting to a Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Emergency Service
Kandsperger, S., Madurkay, J., Schleicher, D., Otto, A., Ecker, A., Brunner, R. M., & Jarvers, I. (2022) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000526611 · Cited by 7
“The Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R) is a broadly used psychological status symptom inventory with patients, which we used in the German version [39, 40].”
Can people empathize with offenders and victims during violent scenes? Behavioral and brain correlates of affective and cognitive empathy considering victim vs. offender perspective using the Bochumer affective and cognitive empathy task (BACET).
Hernandez‐Pena, L., Weidacker, K., Massau, C., Wetzel, K., Brand, A.-L., Weckes, K., Opwis, M., Schiffer, B., & Kärgel, C. (2023) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108784 · Cited by 12
Self-Reported Cognitive Functions Predict the Trajectory of Paranoid Ideation Over a 15-Year Prospective Follow-Up
Saarinen, A. I. L., Granö, N., & Lehtimäki, T. J. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10142-z · Cited by 7
Trauma exposure, alcohol consumption, and sleep quality: a latent growth curve model
Cusack, S. E., Bountress, K. E., Lind, M. J., Hawn, S. E., The Spit for Science Working Group, Dick, D. M., & Amstadter, A. B. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1845181 · Cited by 7
“ues are comparable to or a bit lower than other college samples(38) and are lower than those found in clinical samples.(39)”
Result
SCL-90 empirical factors predict post-surgery weight loss in bariatric patients over longer time periods
Albert, U., Bonavigo, T., Moro, O., De, E. F., Palmisano, S., Pascolo‐Fabrici, E., Sandri, F., de Manzini, N., & Blas, L. D. (2022) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-022-01424-4 · Cited by 8
“No previous study has examined the structure of the SCL-90 items in candidates for bariatric surgery, though deviations from the theoretical factor structure are not an exception [28, 29].”
Background
Evaluation of the mental health status of community frontline medical workers after the normalized management of COVID-19 in Sichuan, China
Xu, X., Zhang, J., Fang, R., Liu, H., Zhou, W., She, Y., Liu, F., Hong, X., & Deng, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1198822 · Cited by 8
Wirksamkeit eines ambulanten, verhaltenstherapeutisch orientierten Rehabilitationsprogramms - eine Wartelistenkontrollgruppenstudie
Rabenstein, R., Pintzinger, N. M., Knogler, V., Kirnbauer, V., Lenz, G., & Schosser, A. (2015) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000437449 · Cited by 7
Job Maintenance through Supported Employment PLUS: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Telle, N.-T., Moock, J., Heuchert, S., Schulte, V., Wulf Rössler, A., & Kawohl, W. (2016) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2016.00194 · Cited by 7
The influence of MIR137 on white matter fractional anisotropy and cortical surface area in individuals with familial risk for psychosis
Vogel, B. O., Lett, T. A. P., Erk, S., Mohnke, S., Wackerhagen, C., Brandl, E. J., Romanczuk‐Seiferth, N., Otto, K., Schweiger, J. I., Tost, H., et al. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.030 · Cited by 7
Eating disorders and general psychopathology: a comparison between young adult patients and normal controls with and without self‐reported eating problems
Ekeroth, K., Broberg, A. G., & Nevonen, L. (2004) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.581 · Cited by 7
Fear of depression recurrence among individuals with remitted depression: a qualitative interview study
Gumuchian, S. T., Boyle, A., Hazel, L. H., & Ellenbogen, M. A. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05588-4 · Cited by 6
“The SCL-90-R has good internal reliability and high concurrent validity [39].”
Background
Facial behavior during an attachment interview in patients with complicated grief
Gander, M., Schiestl, C., Dahlbender, R., Ronel, J., & Buchheim, A. (2018) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000800 · Cited by 6
Psychological symptoms and correlates of Chinese healthcare professionals in the intensive care unit before and after the COVID-19 outbreak: A comparison of two cross-sectional studies
Zeng, L., Gao, F., Guan, B., Peng, T., Chen, W., He, W., Li, X.-P., Li, Y., Kung, S. S., Wang, X., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.100 · Cited by 6
“Good psychometric properties have been demonstrated previously in various languages (Feng and Zhang, 2001; Holi et al., 1998; Schmitz et al., 2000; Shu and Li, 2003).”
Background
The simplification of the symptom Checklist-90 scale utilizing machine learning techniques
Yu, Z., Yang, J., Tan, J., Zou, X., Su, J., & Xue, J. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.121 · Cited by 8
Der Effekt interpersoneller Fähigkeiten von Therapeut:innen auf die therapeutische Allianz
Schwartz, B., Rubel, J. A., Lutz, W., & Schöttke, H. (2024) · PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.1055/a-2450-9882 · Cited by 6
The influence of individual personality traits and team characteristics on training transfer: A longitudinal study
Deckers, M., Altmann, T., & Roth, M. (2021) · International Journal of Training and Development · doi:10.1111/ijtd.12237 · Cited by 5
Managing more than bones: the psychological impact of a recurrent fracture-related infection
Walter, N., Loew, T. H., Hinterberger, T., Alt, V., & Rupp, M. (2024) · Bone & Joint Open · doi:10.1302/2633-1462.58.bjo-2023-0156.r1 · Cited by 6
Effect of General Medical Degree Curricular Change on Mental Health of Medical Students: A Concurrent Controlled Educational Trial
Sohrabi, M.-R., Malih, N., Karimi3, H. R., & Hajihashemi, Z. (2019) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.18502/ijps.v14i1.421 · Cited by 6
Bidirectional pathways between psychosocial risk factors and paranoid ideation in a general nonclinical population
Saarinen, A. I. L., Granö, N., Hintsanen, M., Lehtimäki, T. J., Cloninger, C. R., & Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420001030 · Cited by 9
“Previous studies have confirmed good reliability for the SCL-90R and for the subscale of paranoid ideation (e.g., Olsen, Mortensen, & Bech, 2004; Schmitz et al., 2000).”
Result
Comparing outcomes in chronic depression following inpatient psychotherapy for patients continuing versus discontinuing antidepressant medication
Høstmælingen, A., Ulvenes, P., Nissen‐Lie, H. A., Eielsen, M., & Wampold, B. E. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2561 · Cited by 7
Evaluation of the SCL-9S, a short version of the symptom checklist-90-R, on psychiatric patients in Sweden by using Rasch analysis
Lundqvist, L., & Schröder, A. (2021) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2021.1901988 · Cited by 8
Trajectories of change in chronic depression: Differences in self-criticism and somatic symptoms between users of antidepressants and nonmedicated patients.
Høstmælingen, A., Ulvenes, P., Nissen‐Lie, H. A., Eielsen, M., & Wampold, B. E. (2021) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000572 · Cited by 5
Veränderungen der mentalisierten Affektivität nach 24 Monaten analytischer Psychotherapie bei Patienten mit chronischer Depression
Taubner, S., Schulze, C. I., Kessler, H., Buchheim, A., Kächele, H., & Staun, L. (2015) · Psychotherapie Forum · doi:10.1007/s00729-015-0032-9 · Cited by 8
“Der Mittelwert für Mentalisierung auf der RFS betrug M = 3,85 (SD = 0,95), was einem leicht unterdurchschnittlichen Mentalisierungs- zeigen sich durchschnittliche GSI-Werte von 0,31–0,33 und bei psychisch Erkrankten in ambulanter Psychotherapie von 1,15–1,26 (Schmitz et al. 2000).”
Background
Negative emotional face perception is diminished on a very early level of processing in autism spectrum disorder
Prehn‐Kristensen, A., Lorenzen, A., Grabe, F., & Baving, L. (2018) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2018.1441904 · Cited by 6
Quetiapine as combination treatment with citalopram in unipolar depression with prominent somatic symptoms: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study.
Quante, A., Regen, F., Schindler, F., Volkmer, K., Severus, E., Urbanek, C., Luborzewski, A., Roepke, S., & Anghelescu, I. G. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 6
Tratamiento psicológico de la adicción a Internet: a propósito de un caso clínico
Carmona, F. J., Pérez‐Marín, D., & Rodríguez, L. J. S. (2004) · Revista de Psiquiatría de la Facultad de Medicina de Barcelona · Cited by 6
Tolerability, assessment, and prediction of psilocybin-induced altered states of consciousness
Studerus, E. (2012) · University of Zurich · doi:10.5167/uzh-164092 · Cited by 6
Keratoconus and Personality Traits: A Case–Control Study
Aiello, F., Afflitto, G. G., Ceccarelli, F., Garzione, F., Pocobelli, G., Pinci, C., Lorenzo, G. D., Siracusano, A., & Nucci, C. (2023) · Cornea · doi:10.1097/ico.0000000000003284 · Cited by 5
“29,30 The 90 items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from “ not at all ” to “ extremely ” .”
Background
Sexual Dysfunctions in Patients Receiving Opioid Agonist Treatment and Heroin-Assisted Treatment Compared to Patients in Private Practice—Identifying Group Differences and Predictors
Meyer, M., Brunner, P., Geissmann, L., Gürtler, M., Schwager, F., Waldis, R., Vogel, M., Wiesbeck, G. A., & Dürsteler, K. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.846834 · Cited by 5
Neurocognitive performance of patients undergoing intravenous versus oral opioid agonist treatment: a prospective multicenter study on three-month treatment effects
Chamakalayil, S., Stohler, R., Moldovanyi, A., Gerber, M., Brand, S., & Dürsteler, K. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1375895 · Cited by 5
Course of life satisfaction in patients with depressive and addictive disorders after therapeutic intervention
Büssing, A., Heusser, P., & Mundle, G. (2011) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764010390498 · Cited by 5
An outreach collaborative model for early identification and treatment of mental disorder in Danish workplaces
Sørensen, H. Ø., Valentin, J. B., Bording, M. K., Larsen, J. I., Larsen, A., & Omland, Ø. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2027-5 · Cited by 5
The Relationship Between Mental Health and Psychosocial Stress of Reservoir Migrants in the Middle Route of China’s South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP): The Mediating Role of Social Support
Pan, K., Ke, L., Liu, B., & Liu, X. (2021) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s297416 · Cited by 5
Developing and Applying a Systematic Process for Evaluation of Clinical Outcome Assessment Instruments.
Erbes, C. R., Polusny, M. A., Billig, J. P., Mylan, M., McGuire, K., Isenhart, C. E., & Olson, D. H. (2004) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/1541-1559.1.1.31 · Cited by 5
Psychosocial and Quality-of-Life Consequences of Androgen Excess and the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Janssen, O. E., Hahn, S., & Elsenbruch, S. (2007) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-179-6_31 · Cited by 5
“Elsenbruch et al. (29) investigated the impact of PCOS on HRQL, psychological well-being, and sexuality in 50 women with PCOS and 50 age-matched controls with three standardized validated questionnaires (SF-36) (30,31), symptom checklist revised (SCL-90-R) ( 32 ,33), and life satisfaction questionnaire (Fragebogen zur…”
Method
Exploring the Relationship between Ego Development and Mental Health
Bonnett, H. R. (2016) · EngagedScholarship @ Cleveland State University (Cleveland State University) · Cited by 4
Transdiagnostic Associations between Anger Hostility and Chemokine Interferon-gamma Inducible Protein 10
Soloey-Nilsen, H., Nygaard-Odeh, K., Kristiansen, M. G., Kvig, E. I., Brekke, O., Mollnes, T. E., Berk, M., Reitan, S. K., & Øiesvold, T. (2023) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.23.1091 · Cited by 4
“Each of the 90 items is rated on a five-point scale, ranging from, not at all (0) to extremely (4) [20].”
Background
Psychological symptoms and loneliness in unemployed people diagnosed with mental illnesses
Hussenoeder, F. S., Koschig, M., Conrad, I., Pabst, A., Gatzsche, K., Bieler, L., Alberti, M., Stengler, K., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02806-y · Cited by 4
“The level of Interpersonal Sensitivity in our sample is almost four times as high as in the Ger - man ample of university members and clearly above levels from primary care and psychosomatic patient populations [29 ].”
Influential
CLINICAL STUDY: Endocrine alterations during a detoxification treatment with carbamazepine in male alcoholics
Krüger, T. H. C., Brink, P., Goebel, M. U., Schiffer, B., Schedlowski, M., Hartmann, U. H., & Schneider, U. (2006) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2006.00021.x · Cited by 4

Authors: Schmitz, N., Hartkamp, N., Kiuse, J., Franke, G. H., Reister, G., & Tress, W.
Affiliations: Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
ORCID: Schmitz, N.
Hartkamp, N.
Franke, G.H.
Venue: Quality of Life Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2000-03
Volume: 9
Issue: 2
Pages: 185-193
ISSN: 0962-9343 (ISSN-L)
1573-2649
DOI: 10.1023/a:1008931926181
OpenAlex: W2121333311
Cited by: 430
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 5.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Quality of Life Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: SCL-90-R, psychometric properties, internal consistency, Mokken scale analysis, concurrent validity, factor structure, mental disorder screening, psychosomatic outpatients, primary care patients, Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, General Health Questionnaire
MeSH terms: Adult, Mental Disorders, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Germany, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Self Disclosure, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Area Under Curve

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R): A German validation study

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks