The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R): A German validation study
Abstract
The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R) is a widely used psychological status symptom inventory. The properties of the German SCL-90-R version were studied in two clinical samples: psychosomatic outpatients and primary care patients. The data were compared with a German community sample. The internal consistency, measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficients, was found to be high, for the global scale and all original subscales. Mokken scale analysis indicated hierarchical structure for most of the subscales. Concurrent validity, evaluated by studying the relationship between the SCL-90-R subscales and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-C) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was also high. On the basis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, it was found that the SCL-90-R was able to differentiate between subjects known to have a given psychological disorder and those who do not. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis failed to support the original nine factor model and two subsequent factor models. The strong interdependence of the original subscales and the strong first unrotated factor of the exploratory factor analyses raised concern regarding the multi-dimensionality of the SCL-90-R subscales. We concluded that the SCL-90-R is a useful tool for measuring psychological status, measuring change in outcome studies, or screening for mental disorders.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The SCL-90-R has good internal reliability and high concurrent validity [39].”
From Fear of depression recurrence among individuals with remitted depression: a qualitative interview study (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“The transdiagnostic accuracy of ADA could be considered lower when compared with sensitivities of self-report screenings for mental disorders that range between 0.72 and 0.90 according to previous studies [59-62].”
From Diagnostic Performance of an App-Based Symptom Checker in Mental Disorders: Comparative Study in Psychotherapy Outpatients (2022) · cites this paper as [60]
Citations
Cites
SCL-90: an outpatient psychiatric rating scale--preliminary report.
Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., & Covi, L. (1973) · PubMed · Cited by 3,800
Inventory of interpersonal problems: Psychometric properties and clinical applications.
Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S. E., Baer, B. A., Ureño, G., & Villaseñor, V. S. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.885 · Cited by 2,026
Sex Differences and the Epidemiology of Depression
Weissman, M. M. (1977) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770130100011 · Cited by 1,853
The Epidemiology of Social Stress
Turner, R. J., Wheaton, B., & Lloyd, D. A. (1995) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096348 · Cited by 1,362
A Theory and Procedure of Scale Analysis: With Applications in Political Research
Mokken, R. J. (1971) · doi:10.1515/9783110813203 · Cited by 1,120
A Theory and Procedure of Scale Analysis.
Henry, N. W., & Mokken, R. J. (1973) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2062452 · Cited by 626
Basic Principles of Structural Equation Modeling
Mueller, R. O. (1996) · Springer texts in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3974-1 · Cited by 587
Rahim, M. A., & Magner, N. R. (1995) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.80.1.122 · Cited by 519
Schmitz, N., Kruse, J., Heckrath, C., Alberti, L., & Tress, W. (1999) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050156 · Cited by 276
Self-citationUSE OF RELATIVE OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSIS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
Erdreich, L. S., & Lee, E. T. (1981) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113236 · Cited by 275
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Derogatis LR. The Symptom Checklist-90-revised. Minneapolis, MN: NCS Assessments, 1992.
- Franke GH. SCL-90-R: Die Symptom-Check-Liste von Derogatis-Deutsche Version. Göttingen: Beltz Test Gesellschaft, 1995.
- Rief W, Greitemeyer M, Fichter MM. Die Symptom Check List SCL-90-R: Ñberprüfung an 900 psychosomatischen Patienten. Diagnostica 1991; 37: 58-65.
- Franke GH. Eine weitere Ñberprüfung der Symptom-Check-Liste (SCL-90-R) als Forschungsinstrument. Diagnostica 1992; 38: 160-167.
- Schepank H. DerBeeinträchtigungsschwerescore (BSS). Ein Instrument zur Bestimmung der Schwere einer psych-ogenen Erkrankung. Goéttingen: Beltz Test Gesellschaft, 1995.
- Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc., 1990.
- Tress W, Kruse J, Heckrath C, Schmitz N, Alberti L. Psychogene Erkrankungen in hausärztlichen Praxen. Zschpsychosom Med 1997; 43: 211-232.
- Kruse J, Heckrath C, Schmitz N, Alberti L, Tress W. Zur hausärztlichen Diagnose und Versorgung psychogener Kranker-Ergebnisse einer Feldstudie. Psychother Psychosom med Psychol 1999; 49: 14-22.
- Molenaar IW, Debets P, Sijtsma K, Hemker BT. MSP, a Program for Mokken Scale Analysis for Polytomous Items. Groningen, The Netherlands: IEC ProGamma, 1994.
- Goldberg D. Detecting psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972.
- SAS Institute Inc. SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc., 1994.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–430 of 430
Brahmane, N. A., Sharath, H. V., Seth, N. H., & Khan, A. F. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.57115
“These conditions are primarily psychiatric in nature [12,13].”
BackgroundCurrent Situation of Mental Health of Older Adults: A Case from Henan Province, China
Li, X., Ala, M. B. D., Wang, F., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · New Voices in Psychology · doi:10.25159/2958-3918/15657
“The symptom self-rating scale has good reliability and validity (Schmitz N, 2000, Hardt, J., Gerbershagen, H. U., & Franke, P. 2000), including 90 items, comprising ten factors, namely somatisation, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, terror,…”
Mills, R., Lilly, C. L., Pollini, R. A., Zullig, K. J., Jarrett, T. D., & Kristjánsson, Á. L. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4875425
Bustamante, C. M. V., Coombs, G., Rahimi-Eichi, H., Mair, P., Onnela, J.-P. “., Baker, J. T., & Buckner, R. L. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/fn3aj
Bal, F. (2024) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-024-00561-2
“If the score obtained from each subtest is 1 and below 1, the score is considered normal, and if it is above 1, it is accepted that the person is prone to this pathology in terms of the characteristics measured by each subtest (Schmitz et al., 2000).”
Psychometrie in der Psychotherapie
Otto, L. R., & Mukowski-Kickhöfel, R. (2024) · Ärztliche Psychotherapie · doi:10.21706/aep-19-3-168
Swart, S., Wildschut, M., Langeland, W., Hoogendoorn, A. W., & Draijer, N. (2025) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2025.100291
Determinants of COVID 19 Vaccine Uptake Among People with Substance Use Disorder in Türkiye
Kılıç, O. H. T., Aydoğdu, A., Bayram, Z. N., Üstün, N., Munis, N. D., İncebıyık, İ., & Başer, A. (2025) · Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.34087/cbusbed.1626841
Gerrmann, J., Nijdam, M. J., Boeschoten, M. A., ter Heide, F. J. J., Geuze, E., & Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.05.077 · Cited by 1
Marschalek, M., Marculescu, R., Schneeberger, C., Marschalek, J., Hager, M., Krysiak, R. G., & Ott, J. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14145103 · Cited by 1
“The scores were calculated according to the guidelines [21].”
Rothe, J., Thiel, T., Roessner, V., & Ring, M. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07430-x
“R [37, 38].”
Mills, R., Lilly, C. L., Pollini, R. A., Zullig, K. J., Jarrett, T. D., Tebes, J. K., & Kristjánsson, Á. L. (2025) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2025.151998
“Dependent variable: Externalized anger was measured using three items from the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) scale (Derogatis et al., 1973, 1976; Schmitz et al., 2000).”
Tjeldnes, M. S., & Ekeland, A. (2013) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Gumuchian, S. T., Boyle, A., Hazel, L., & Ellenbogen, M. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25264468
Karg‐Hefner, N., Dorscht, L., Kornhuber, J., & Luttenberger, K. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.11978823
Ma, S., Yang, Y., Soh, K. G., & Tan, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25357746
Gumuchian, S. T., Boyle, A., Hazel, L., & Ellenbogen, M. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25264376
Development and validation of the mental health service demand and utilization questionnaire
Zhang, S., Zhang, S., Feng, Z., Jiang, P., Gao, Y., Zhang, L., Geng, K., Wang, B., & Duan, L. N. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1725107
Ma, S., Zhang, J., Xu, Y., & Liu, J. Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1687465
“” (27) The checklist includes the following nine main symptom dimensions: somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism (28).”
Externalized anger as a mediator of harsh parenting and substance use among Appalachian adolescents
Mills, R., Tebes, J. K., Strambler, M. J., & Kristjánsson, Á. L. (2026) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2026.100684
“Externalized anger was assessed using three items from the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) scale (Derogatis et al., 1973; Derogatis et al., 1973; Schmitz et al., 2000), asking students to share the frequency of their externalized anger within the past week.”
Huang, M., Huang, S., Luo, Q., Zheng, Y., Li, H., Han, P., Zhu, L., & Shi, H. (2026) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-026-04720-w
“Health-related quality of life, social support, and psychological symptoms were evaluated using the inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire (IBDQ) [23], social support rating scale (SSRS) [24] and symptom check list-90 (SCL-90) [25], respectively.”
Hutten, E., Jongen, E. M. M., van den Berg, Y. H. M., & Verboon, P. (2026) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2026.101933
Wudy, S., Mauche, N., Huang, J., Makiol, C., & Strauß, M. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8518298/v1
Song, X., Wan, X., Qian, G., Chen, Q., Chen, H., Zhu, B., Tong, Z., & Shen, H. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-27359-4
“To measure mental health, this study used the Symptom Check List 90 Revised (SCL-90-R), developed by Derogatis et al. [14].”
Cherkaoui, M., Mall, V., Krüger, M., & Kraus, V. (2026) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-026-01112-6
“In addition, parental psychological stress was assessed using the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), from which the Global Severity Index (GSI) was derived as a summary measure of overall psychological distress [21].”
Nikolaeva, L. Y., & Kidinov, A. V. (2026) · Psychological-Pedagogical Journal GAUDEAMUS · doi:10.20310/1810-231x-2026-25-2-75-87
Exploring Cost-effective Approaches to Behavioral Analysis Through Established Questionnaires
Reule, K. J., Schönfeldt‐Lecuona, C., & Hanke, T. (2026) · Field Methods · doi:10.1177/1525822x261468592
“The SCL-90 differentiates stress levels of inpatient and outpatient treatments (Ransom et al. 2010) and psychiatric versus community samples (Holi 2003; Müller et al. 2009; Ransom et al. 2010; Schmitz et al. 2000; Shafique et al. 2017; Tan et al. 2015).”
ÖZTÜRK, İ., Yorulmaz, O., & Gülüm, İ. V. (2026) · Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.57127/kpd.26024438.1927578
Serum gonadal steroid reactivity to acute psychosocial stress in panic disorder patients
Jakob, L., Herhaus, B., von Dawans, B., Gierens, A., Schmalbach, B., Domes, G., & Petrowski, K. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117517
Eberl, C. (2014) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Schmitz, N., Hartkamp, N., Kiuse, J., Franke, G. H., Reister, G., & Tress, W.
- Affiliations
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Venue
- Quality of Life Research
- Published
- 2000-03
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 185-193
- ISSN
- 0962-9343 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2649
- OpenAlex
- W2121333311
- Cited by
- 430
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 5.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Quality of Life Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- SCL-90-R, psychometric properties, internal consistency, Mokken scale analysis, concurrent validity, factor structure, mental disorder screening, psychosomatic outpatients, primary care patients, Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, General Health Questionnaire
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Germany, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Self Disclosure, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Area Under Curve
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
