Cited by 430Psychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and AssessmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R): A German validation study

Schmitz, N., Hartkamp, N., Kiuse, J., Franke, G.H., Reister, G., Tress, W.·2000·Quality of Life Research

DOI 10.1023/a:1008931926181

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Abstract

The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R) is a widely used psychological status symptom inventory. The properties of the German SCL-90-R version were studied in two clinical samples: psychosomatic outpatients and primary care patients. The data were compared with a German community sample. The internal consistency, measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficients, was found to be high, for the global scale and all original subscales. Mokken scale analysis indicated hierarchical structure for most of the subscales. Concurrent validity, evaluated by studying the relationship between the SCL-90-R subscales and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-C) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was also high. On the basis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, it was found that the SCL-90-R was able to differentiate between subjects known to have a given psychological disorder and those who do not. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis failed to support the original nine factor model and two subsequent factor models. The strong interdependence of the original subscales and the strong first unrotated factor of the exploratory factor analyses raised concern regarding the multi-dimensionality of the SCL-90-R subscales. We concluded that the SCL-90-R is a useful tool for measuring psychological status, measuring change in outcome studies, or screening for mental disorders.

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“Self-report symptom inventories are commonly used by both clinicians and researchers to gather information about NB vs. SB NB vs. AB NB vs. SAB SB vs. AB SB vs. SAB AB vs. SAB SOM Z=2.778 Z=0.055 Z=2.616 Z=2.881 Z=4.279 Z=2.476 p=0.004* p=0.967 p=0.009 p=0.003* p=0.000* p=0.013 O-C Z=1.235 Z=1.330 Z=2.455 Z=2.439 Z=3.…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Ethnic differences in the mother-son relationship of incarcerated and non-incarcerated male adolescents.
Veen, V. C., Stevens, G. W. J. M., DORELEIJERS, T. A. H., Pels, T. V. M., & Vollebergh, W. (2011) · Pure Amsterdam UMC · doi:10.1186/s13034-016-0111-x · Cited by 31
“Furthermore, self-report questionnaires can be used to monitor the quality of medical and psychological interventions in mental health services, and to screen for symptoms of psychopathology [6].”
BackgroundResult
Diagnostic Methods for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Systematic Review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop
Haney, E. M., Smith, M. E. B., McDonagh, M. S., Pappas, M., Daeges, M., Wasson, N., & Nelson, H. D. (2015) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m15-0443 · Cited by 79
Alexithymia as a predictor of outcome of psychodynamically oriented inpatient treatment
Leweke, F., Bausch, S., Leichsenring, F., Walter, B., & Stingl, M. (2009) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300902870554 · Cited by 77
“A validation study provided good support for the validity of the German version of the SCL-90-R, most notably for the GSI and the Depression subscale (Schmitz et al., 2000).”
Method
Study of the SCL-90 Scale and Changes in the Chinese Norms
Dang, W., Xu, Y., Ji, J., Wang, K., Zhao, S., Yu, B., Liu, J., Feng, C., Yu, H., Wang, W., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.524395 · Cited by 76
Different processes for different therapies: Therapist actions, therapeutic bond, and outcome.
Ulvenes, P., Berggraf, L., Hoffart, A., Stiles, T. C., Svartberg, M., McCullough, L., & Wampold, B. E. (2012) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0027895 · Cited by 76
Randomized Controlled Trial of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Delivered to Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Positive Patients in Iran: Effects on CD4+ T Lymphocyte Count and Medical and Psychological Symptoms
SeyedAlinaghi, S., Jam, S., Foroughi, M., Imani, A., Mohraz, M., Djavid, G. E., & Black, D. S. (2012) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31825abfaa · Cited by 76
Religious Coping, Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety, and Well-Being Among Somali College Students
Areba, E. M., Duckett, L., Robertson, C. L., & Savik, K. (2017) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-017-0359-3 · Cited by 75
Symptoms of psychosis in anorexia and bulimia nervosa
Miotto, P., Pollini, B., Restaneo, A., Favaretto, G., Sisti, D., Rocchi, M., & Preti, A. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.03.011 · Cited by 74
“…the multidimensional structure of the SCL-90R: an extreme variability and instability of the SCL90R factor structure – in terms of sample composition by age and gender – was found (Schmitz et al., 2000), with the psychoticism dimension yielding the least consistent results (Olsen et al., 2004).”
Result
Aspects of quality of life through end-stage renal disease
Franke, G. H., Reimer, J., Philipp, T., & Heemann, U. W. (2003) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1023/a:1022238707028 · Cited by 73
“The BSI is the short form of the SCL-90-R [29-32], a wellvalidated multidimensional symptom self-report inventory.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Health related quality of life and psychopathological distress in risk taking and self-harming adolescents with full-syndrome, subthreshold and without borderline personality disorder: rethinking the clinical cut-off?
Kaess, M., Fischer-Waldschmidt, G., Resch, F., & Koenig, J. (2017) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-017-0058-4 · Cited by 86
“The German version [38] of the Symptom Checklist-90R (SCL-90-R) [39, 40] was used as self-report measure of psychopathological distress.”
Method
Psychometric properties of the symptom check list 90 (SCL-90) for Chinese undergraduate students
Yu, Y., Wan, C., Huebner, E. S., Zhao, X., Zeng, W., & Shang, L. (2018) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2018.1521939 · Cited by 72
Chronic tinnitus and the limbic system: Reappraising brain structural effects of distress and affective symptoms
Besteher, B., Christian Gaser, B., Ivanšić, D., Guntinas‐Lichius, O., Dobel, C., & Nenadić, I. (2019) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101976 · Cited by 70
“In addition, all participants completed the Symptom checklist 90 revised (SCL-90-R), which can be divided into ten subscales (Derogatis et al., 1974; Schmitz et al., 2000), reflecting a range of psychopathologies and general psychological distress.”
Association between depression and anxiety in high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders and maternal mood symptoms
Mazefsky, C. A., Conner, C. M., & Oswald, D. P. (2010) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.133 · Cited by 70
“Studies have also found that the ability of the SCL-90-R to screen between patients and typical community members is good [Rauter, Leonard, & Swett, 1996; Schmitz et al., 2000].”
Background
Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic
Weibelzahl, S., Reiter, J., & Duden, G. S. (2021) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268821000303 · Cited by 76
“It also highly correlates with similar but longer instruments such as the symptom checklist SCL-90-R [41].”
Effects of the α2-Adrenergic Agonist Clonidine on the Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in Healthy Volunteers
Hysek, C. M., Brugger, R., Simmler, L. D., Bruggisser, M., Donzelli, M., Grouzmann, E., Hoener, M. C., & Liechti, M. E. (2011) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.111.188425 · Cited by 72
Linking substance use with symptoms of subclinical psychosis in a community cohort over 30 years
Rössler, W., Hengartner, M. P., Angst, J., & Ajdacic‐Gross, V. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03760.x · Cited by 67
“Commonly, fewer than nine factors are identified [20], and the ‘psychoticism’ subscale yields the least consistent data [21].”
Background
Reduced subjective quality of life in persons at risk for psychosis
Ruhrmann, S., Paruch, J., Bechdolf, A., Pukrop, R., Wagner, M., Berning, J., Schultze-Lutter, F., Janssen, B., Gäebel, W., Möller, H. ‐., et al. (2008) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01152.x · Cited by 68
“The Symptom-Checklist, SCL-90-R (20, 21), served as a self-report measure of the participants present mental state.”
MethodInfluential
The latent structure of interpersonal problems: Validity of dimensional, categorical, and hybrid models.
Wendt, L. P., Wright, A. G. C., Pilkonis, P. A., Nolte, T., Fonagy, P., Montague, P. R., Benecke, C., Krieger, T., & Zimmermann, J. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000460 · Cited by 69
“We used the German translation for the SCL-90–R (Schmitz et al., 2000) and the BSI (i.”
Method
Chinese college students’ SCL-90 scores and their relations to the college performance
Zhang, J., & Zhang, X. (2012) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2012.09.009 · Cited by 66
“Third, and consistently, there is mounting evidence of the extreme variability and instability of the SCL-90 factor structure across diverse populations, and we are interested in seeing what patterns exist in non-Western culture such as China (Schmitz et al., 2000; Schwarzwald et al., 1991).”
Background
Metacognitive therapy versus disorder-specific CBT for comorbid anxiety disorders: A randomized controlled trial
Johnson, S. U., Hoffart, A., Nordahl, H. M., & Wampold, B. E. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.06.004 · Cited by 67
Symptom-Checklist-K-9: Norm values and factorial structure in a representative German sample
Petrowski, K., Schmalbach, B., Kliem, S., Hinz, A., & Brähler, E. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213490 · Cited by 64
Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-esteem are linked to symptom severity in borderline personality disorder
Vater, A., Schröder–Abé, M., Schütz, A., Lammers, C., & Roepke, S. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.03.007 · Cited by 64
“The BPD patients in the present study had higher scores on the SCL-90-R in comparison to the normative sample, t(2463) ¼ 6.17, p .001, d ¼ .971 (see Schmitz et al., 2000).”
ResultInfluential
Combining Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Tailor-Made Notched Music Training to Decrease Tinnitus-Related Distress – A Pilot Study
Teismann, H., Wollbrink, A., Okamoto, H., Gottfried Schlaug, A., Rudack, C., & Pantev, C. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089904 · Cited by 62
Predictors of burnout: results from a prospective community study
Wulf Rössler, A., Hengartner, M. P., Ajdacic‐Gross, V., & Angst, J. (2014) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-014-0512-x · Cited by 63
“The SCL-90-R has historically shown good internal consistency and test–retest reliability [10, 16], although its validity in terms of factor structure of the dimensions has led to contradictory results [16, 17].”
Result
Clonidine Improves Hyperarousal in Borderline Personality Disorder With or Without Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Ziegenhorn, A. A., Roepke, S., Schommer, N. C., Merkl, A., Danker‐Hopfe, H., Perschel, F. H., Heuser, I., Anghelescu, I. G., & Lammers, C. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e31819a4bae · Cited by 62
“The Symptom Checklist 90Vrevised (SCL-90-R) with its 9 subscales (somatization, obsessivecompulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism) and 7 residual items (covering sleep problems, eating/appetite, feelings of guilt, and suicidality)Vwas us…”
Method
Evaluation of the efficacy and effectiveness of a structured disorder tailored psychotherapy in ADHD in adults: study protocol of a randomized controlled multicentre trial
Philipsen, A., Graf, E., van Elst, L. T., Jans, T., Warnke, A., Heßlinger, B., Ebert, D., Gerlach, M., Matthies, S., Colla, M., et al. (2010) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-010-0046-7 · Cited by 62
“…interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, psychoticism; Derogatis 1977, German version: Schmitz et al. 2000; Franke 2002) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) Assessment of depression by the 21-question multiple-choice self-report…”
Method
A risk profile of compulsive exercise in adolescents with an eating disorder: a systematic review
Fietz, M., Touyz, S. W., & Hay, P. (2014) · Advances in Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/21662630.2014.894470 · Cited by 61
“No information on the percentage of excessive exercise according to eating disorder diagnosis. aQIS, Quality Index score. bCES, Commitment to Exercise Scale (Davis, Brewer, & Ratusny, 1993); EPQ-R, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire – Revised (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1991). cSIAB, Structured Interview of AN and BN (Fichter,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The EQ-5D in alcohol dependent patients: Relationships among health-related quality of life, psychopathology and social functioning
Günther, O., Roick, C., Angermeyer, M. C., & König, H. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.07.001 · Cited by 61
Borderline Personality Disorder in Four Different Age Groups: A Cross-Sectional Study of Community Residents in Germany
Arens, E. A., Stopsack, M., Spitzer, C., Appel, K., Dudeck, M., Völzke, H., Grabe, H. J., & Barnow, S. (2013) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2013.27.2.196 · Cited by 61
“83 (Schmitz et al., 2000).”
Bouldering psychotherapy is more effective in the treatment of depression than physical exercise alone: results of a multicentre randomised controlled intervention study
Karg‐Hefner, N., Dorscht, L., Kornhuber, J., & Luttenberger, K. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02518-y · Cited by 61
Symptom Check-List-90-R: fiabilidad, datos normativos y estructura factorial en estudiantes universitarios
Caparrós, B., Hoz, E. V., Juan-Ferrer, J., & Viñas, F. (2007) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 60
Attenuated Directed Exploration during Reinforcement Learning in Gambling Disorder
Wiehler, A., Chakroun, K., & Peters, J. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1607-20.2021 · Cited by 53
Do Patients’ Symptoms and Interpersonal Problems Improve in Psychotherapeutic Hospital Treatment in Germany? - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Liebherz, S., & Rabung, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105329 · Cited by 59
“without a psychiatric disorder and is qualified for measuring change in outcome studies [42].”
Background
Effects of MDMA alone and after pretreatment with reboxetine, duloxetine, clonidine, carvedilol, and doxazosin on pupillary light reflex
Hysek, C. M., & Liechti, M. E. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2761-6 · Cited by 61
α1-Adrenergic Receptors Contribute to the Acute Effects of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in Humans
Hysek, C. M., Fink, A. E., Simmler, L. D., Donzelli, M., Grouzmann, E., & Liechti, M. E. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e3182979d32 · Cited by 60
Psychological risk and protective factors for disability in chronic low back pain – a longitudinal analysis in primary care
Jegan, N. R. A., Brugger, M., Viniol, A., Strauch, K., Barth, J., Baum, E., Leonhardt, C., & Becker, A. (2017) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1482-8 · Cited by 56
Impaired psychological recovery in the elderly after the Niigata-Chuetsu Earthquake in Japan:a population-based study
Toyabe, S., Shioiri, T., Kuwabara, H., Endo, T., Tanabe, N., Someya, T., & Akazawa, K. (2006) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-230 · Cited by 3
The relationship between obsessive-compulsive personality disorder traits, obsessive-compulsive disorder and excessive exercise in patients with anorexia nervosa: a systematic review
Young, S., Rhodes, P., Touyz, S. W., & Hay, P. (2013) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/2050-2974-1-16 · Cited by 53
“Penas-Lledo et al. [31] found a trend only for increased obsessive compulsive symptomatology in exercising patients using the SCL-90-R.”
BackgroundInfluential
Functional network connectivity of pain-related resting state networks in somatoform pain disorder: an exploratory fMRI study
Otti, A., Guendel, H. O., Henningsen, P., Zimmer, C., Wohlschlaeger, A. M., & Noll‐Hussong, M. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.110187 · Cited by 56
“” The 90 items of the German version of this checklist are scaled from 0 to 4 and are associated with problems that the patient has been experiencing during the last 7 days.(42) The summarizing global severity index is a de facto standard for psychotherapy clinical practice and research, and it serves as a “symptom se…”
Background
First Non-Contingent Respiratory Biofeedback Placebo versus Contingent Biofeedback in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Trial
Kapitza, K. P., Passie, T., Bernateck, M., & Karst, M. (2010) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-010-9130-1 · Cited by 52
Psychometric properties of the German version of the NEO-FFI in psychosomatic outpatients
Schmitz, N., Hartkamp, N., Baldini, C., Rollnik, J. D., & Tress, W. (2001) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00173-2 · Cited by 52
Self-citation
A study of the dimensionality and measurement precision of the SCL‐90‐R using item response theory
Paap, M. C. S., Meijer, R. R., van Bebber, J., Pedersen, G., Karterud, S., Hellem, F. M., & Haraldsen, I. (2011) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.347 · Cited by 49
Does menopausal transition really influence mental health? Findings from the prospective long‐term Z urich study
Wulf Rössler, A., Ajdacic‐Gross, V., Riecher‐Rössler, A., Angst, J., & Hengartner, M. P. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20319 · Cited by 54
“Psychopathological vulnerability (21-41) 61.”
Influential
Early maladaptive schemas in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Philipsen, A., Lam, A. P., Breit, S., Lücke, C., Müller, H., & Matthies, S. (2016) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-016-0211-8 · Cited by 54
The validity of the symptom checklist depression and anxiety subscales: A general population study in Sweden
Lundin, A., Hallgren, M. Å., & Forsell, Y. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.024 · Cited by 49
Depression predicts perioperative outcomes following coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Beresnevaitė, M., Benetis, R., Taylor, G. J., Jurėnienė, K., Kinduris, Š., & Barauskienė, V. (2010) · Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal · doi:10.3109/14017431.2010.490593 · Cited by 48
A systematic review of measurement tools of health and well-being for evaluating community-based interventions
Dronavalli, M., & Thompson, S. (2015) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2015-205491 · Cited by 45
Bouldering psychotherapy reduces depressive symptoms even when general physical activity is controlled for: A randomized controlled trial
Stelzer, E., Book, S., Graessel, E., Hofner, B., Kornhuber, J., & Luttenberger, K. (2018) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00580 · Cited by 46
“The Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) (Franke, 2002; Schmitz et al., 2000) is a 90-item self-report inventory that measures the global intensity of psychological symptoms including depression and distress experienced during the past seven days.”
Background
Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs): examination of the psychometric properties of two measures for burden of symptoms and quality of life in patients with depression or anxiety
Bech, P., Austin, S. F., & Lau, M. E. (2018) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2018.1451918 · Cited by 45
Siblings of children with chronic disorders: Family and relational factors as predictors of mental health
Fredriksen, T., Vatne, T. M., Haukeland, Y. B., Tudor, M. E., & Fjermestad, K. W. (2021) · Journal of Child Health Care · doi:10.1177/13674935211052157 · Cited by 48
“A wide range of independent studies has shown satisfactory internal consistency for the SCL-90-R, and the scale has been validated with normal and clinical adult populations (α > .79) (Schmitz et al., 2000).”
Background
Construct Validity of Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) and General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) in Patients with Drug Addiction and Diabetes, and Normal Population.
Ardakani, A., Seghatoleslam, T., Habil, H., Jameei, F., Rashid, R. B. A., Zahiroddin, A., Motlaq, F. E., & Arani, A. M. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 44
Exceptional experiences and spiritual practice: a new measurement approach
Kohls, N., & Walach, H. (2006) · Spirituality and Health International · doi:10.1002/shi.296 · Cited by 46
“Brief Symptom Index (BSI) (Franke, 1995; Schmitz et al., 2000): The 53-item short version of the Symptom Checklist (SCL 90) (Derogatis, 1977) is one of the most widely used screening instruments to briefl y assess psychological disturbances on nine subscales.”
Method

Authors: Schmitz, N., Hartkamp, N., Kiuse, J., Franke, G. H., Reister, G., & Tress, W.
Affiliations: Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
ORCID: Schmitz, N.
Hartkamp, N.
Franke, G.H.
Venue: Quality of Life Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2000-03
Volume: 9
Issue: 2
Pages: 185-193
ISSN: 0962-9343 (ISSN-L)
1573-2649
DOI: 10.1023/a:1008931926181
OpenAlex: W2121333311
Cited by: 430
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 5.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Quality of Life Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: SCL-90-R, psychometric properties, internal consistency, Mokken scale analysis, concurrent validity, factor structure, mental disorder screening, psychosomatic outpatients, primary care patients, Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, General Health Questionnaire
MeSH terms: Adult, Mental Disorders, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Germany, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Self Disclosure, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Area Under Curve

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The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R): A German validation study

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