The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R): A German validation study
Abstract
The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R) is a widely used psychological status symptom inventory. The properties of the German SCL-90-R version were studied in two clinical samples: psychosomatic outpatients and primary care patients. The data were compared with a German community sample. The internal consistency, measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficients, was found to be high, for the global scale and all original subscales. Mokken scale analysis indicated hierarchical structure for most of the subscales. Concurrent validity, evaluated by studying the relationship between the SCL-90-R subscales and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-C) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was also high. On the basis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, it was found that the SCL-90-R was able to differentiate between subjects known to have a given psychological disorder and those who do not. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis failed to support the original nine factor model and two subsequent factor models. The strong interdependence of the original subscales and the strong first unrotated factor of the exploratory factor analyses raised concern regarding the multi-dimensionality of the SCL-90-R subscales. We concluded that the SCL-90-R is a useful tool for measuring psychological status, measuring change in outcome studies, or screening for mental disorders.
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“The SCL-90-R has good internal reliability and high concurrent validity [39].”
From Fear of depression recurrence among individuals with remitted depression: a qualitative interview study (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“The transdiagnostic accuracy of ADA could be considered lower when compared with sensitivities of self-report screenings for mental disorders that range between 0.72 and 0.90 according to previous studies [59-62].”
From Diagnostic Performance of an App-Based Symptom Checker in Mental Disorders: Comparative Study in Psychotherapy Outpatients (2022) · cites this paper as [60]
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Self-citationGumz, A., Daubmann, A., Erices, R., Berger, J., Reuter, L., & Kästner, D. (2024) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2024.2327443 · Cited by 4
“The Symptom Check-list-90-R is a widely used and psychometrically tested, multidimensional instrument to measure psychopathology with 90 items (Derogatis & Savitz, 1999; Schmitz et al., 2000).”
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Abbreviated assessment of psychopathology in patients with suspected seizure disorders
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Faktoren psychosozialer Beeinträchtigung
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Maternal guidance in at‐risk mother–child dyads: Associations with contextual variables
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“The SCL-90-R has good psychometric properties [68], and the internal consistency in the current sample was α = .”
The Adaptive, Pain Sensitive, and Global Symptoms Clusters: Evidence from a Patient-Based Study
Al‐Hamed, F. S., Alonso, A. A., Vivaldi, D., Smith, S. B., & Meloto, C. B. (2023) · JDR Clinical & Translational Research · doi:10.1177/23800844231164076 · Cited by 3
“The data set used to generate ROPA derives from the OPPERA study, which used the Symptoms Checklist–90 Revised (Schmitz et al. 2000) to assess anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms.”
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Iovoli, F., Baranowski, M., Sander, L. S., & Rubel, J. A. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70071 · Cited by 4
“…of interpersonal problems are related to more severe symptoms of depression (Ansell, Grilo, and White 2012; Koppelberg, Kersting, and Suslow 2023; Schmitz et al. 2000), higher levels of anxiety symptoms (Akyunus and Gencoz 2016; Dally et al. 2005; Kim and Bae 2022), less positive and more…”
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Roth, M., & Altmann, T. (2022) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2022.2129053 · Cited by 3
“The SCL has been validated in contexts similar to that of this study (e.g. Schmitz et al., 2000) and has also been validated with a representative german sample (Hessel et al., 2001).”
MethodCimino, S., Tambelli, R., Genova, F., Agostini, F., Trombini, E., & Cerniglia, L. (2023) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3355 · Cited by 3
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“…At baseline, prior to study start, the participants complete a self-report questionnaire on general demographics and medical history, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [40, 41], the Symptom Checklist-90-R [42, 43], the Big Five Inventory-10 [63] and the Munich Chro-notype Questionnaire [44].”
Fernández‐Montalvo, J., López-Goñi, J. J., Arteaga, A., Haro, B., Leza, L., & Rivera, D. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108424 · Cited by 3
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Tschoeke, S., Flammer, E., Bichescu-Burian, D. M., & Steinert, T. (2022) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2022.2064576 · Cited by 3
“…SCL-90-R is a reliable, valid 90-item self-report scale assessing a broad area of current psychological symptoms (somatization, obsessioncompulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism; Franke, 1995; Schmitz et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMaternal Depressive Symptoms and Adolescents' Unhealthy Behavior: A 15-year Longitudinal Study.
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Psychological Symptoms and Health Related Quality of Life in Patients with Mastalgia
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“The symptom checklist-90-revised (SCL-90-R) The SCL-90–R is a validated scoring index for assessing a broad range of psychopathological problems and symptoms.(16,17) This psychiatric evaluation index contains 90 questions that are scored on a 5-point scale (1-5) ranging from “not at all” to “extremely,” reflecting the…”
BackgroundPraus, P., Proctor, T., Rohrmann, T., Benedyk, A., Tost, H., Hennig, O., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., & Wahl, A.-S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1193898 · Cited by 3
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“Anger was measured using five items from the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) scale (Derogatis et al., 1976; Schmitz et al., 2000), asking students to share the frequency of their experienced anger within the past week, including: “ I was easily annoyed or irritated.”
Yu, Q., Huang, C., Tian, Y., Li, X., Yang, J., Ning, M., Chen, Z., Liu, Y., & Li, Y. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119418 · Cited by 4
In-vivo serotonin transporter availability and somatization in healthy subjects
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Fizke, E., Mueller, A., & Huber, D. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling · doi:10.1080/13642537.2017.1386224 · Cited by 3
“Schmitz et al. (2000) report Chronbach’s α scores above .90 for the depression subscale and the GSI.”
BackgroundProperties of the Symptom Check List (SCL-90-R) in a Psychosomatic Consultation-Liaison Setting
Schmitz, N., Hartkamp, N., Franz, M., Buse, S., Karig, R., & Tress, W. (2002) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/003329410209000324.2 · Cited by 3
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“Numerous studies have since demonstrated it’s validated and reliability (Holi et al. 1998; Schmitz et al., 2000; Olsen et al. 2004).”
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“The level of Depression in our sample (1.8) was considerably higher than that observed in the general population (0.4; Schmitz et al., 2000).”
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“For example, three German studies administered the Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R; Schmitz et al., 2000) to patients that underwent detoxification for alcohol before receiving various treatments (Engel et al., 2015; Lucht et al., 2002; Sander & Jux, 2006).”
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“The psychometric properties of the SCL-90-R GSI have been found acceptable in previous research [19] and support its use as a self-report measure.”
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The Quick Inventory of Pain Symptoms (QIPS)
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“Participants were asked to complete the QIPS and four pain-related items of the German version (Franke, 1995; Schmitz et al., 2000) of the SCL-90r (Derogatis, 1977).”
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BackgroundPROPERTIES OF THE SYMPTOM CHECK LIST (SCL-90-R) IN A PSYCHOSOMATIC CONSULTATION-LIAISON SETTING
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“The SCL-90-R shows good psychometric properties (Franke, 2002; Schmitz et al., 2000).”
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“The psychometric properties of the scale have been widely studied with results indicating good validity and reliability [21].”
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“The SCL-90-R documented satisfactory internal consistency ranging from .70 to .90, depending on the subscale and the population studied (Holi, 2003; Schmitz et al., 2000).”
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“The self-report SCL-90-R questionnaire was used to obtain information about the general psychopathological problems of the study participants [30, 31].”
Soloey-Nilsen, H., Nygaard-Odeh, K., Kristiansen, M. G., Kvig, E. I., Brekke, O., Mollnes, T. E., Berk, M., & Reitan, S. K. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1634920 · Cited by 1
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“Die in Klinik und Forschung sehr häufig eingesetzte SCL-90-R weist für den GSI sowohl in großen Allgemeinbevölkerungs- als auch klinischen Stichproben sehr hohe Reliabilitätswerte mit internen Konsistenzen (Cronbach’s α) von α = 0,97 auf [21, 22].”
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“75 in a psychosomatic outpatient, a primary care, and a reference sample, respectively (Schmitz et al., 2000).”
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Ekeroth, K. (2005) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University) · Cited by 1
Abbreviated assessment of psychopathology in patients with suspected seizure disordersPreprint
Malpas, C. B., Wang, A. D. W., Leong, M., Johnstone, B., Rayner, G., Kalinčík, T., Kwan, P., O'Brien, T. J., & Velakoulis, D. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/677278 · Cited by 1
“A large body of evidence has investigated the reliability and validity of the SCL-90-R across a number of settings (Brophy, Norvell, & Kiluk, 1988; Derogatis & Savitz; Rauter, Leonard, & Swett, 1996; Schmitz et al., 2000; Wiebe, Rose, Derry, & McLachlan, 1997).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schmitz, N., Hartkamp, N., Kiuse, J., Franke, G. H., Reister, G., & Tress, W.
- Affiliations
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Venue
- Quality of Life Research
- Published
- 2000-03
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 185-193
- ISSN
- 0962-9343 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2649
- OpenAlex
- W2121333311
- Cited by
- 430
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 5.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Quality of Life Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- SCL-90-R, psychometric properties, internal consistency, Mokken scale analysis, concurrent validity, factor structure, mental disorder screening, psychosomatic outpatients, primary care patients, Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, General Health Questionnaire
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Germany, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Self Disclosure, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Area Under Curve
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