The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Facilitated Communication Since 1995: A Review of Published Studies
Abstract
Previous reviews of Facilitated Communication (FC) studies have clearly established that proponents' claims are largely unsubstantiated and that using FC as an intervention for communicatively impaired or noncommunicative individuals is not recommended. However, while FC is less prominent than in the recent past, investigations of the technique's efficacy continue. This review examines published FC studies since the previous major reviews by Jacobson, Mulick, and Schwartz (1995) and Simpson and Myles (1995a). Findings support the conclusions of previous reviews. Furthermore, this review critiques and discounts the claims of two studies purporting to offer empirical evidence of FC efficacy using control procedures.
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In the citing paper
“The vast majority of studies using control procedures reached similar or converging general conclusions, i.e., responses of the patients/students were mostly influenced (consciously or unconsciously) by the facilitator, and FC was generally not efficient as a communication or educational tool.”
From Evidence of Authorship on Messages in Facilitated Communication: A Case Report Using Accelerometry (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“The vast majority of studies using control procedures reached similar or converging general conclusions, i.e., responses of the patients/students were mostly influenced (consciously or unconsciously) by the facilitator, and FC was generally not efficient as a communication or educational tool.”
From Evidence of Authorship on Messages in Facilitated Communication: A Case Report Using Accelerometry (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Altogether, no firm nor definitive conclusion has been reached so far on the validity of FC.”
From Evidence of Authorship on Messages in Facilitated Communication: A Case Report Using Accelerometry (2021) · cites this paper as Mostert (5)
In the citing paper
“The controlled studies conducted so far have consistently documented that it is the facilitator, and not the person receiving support, who is generating the text in message-passing tasks”
From Authorship in Facilitated Communication: An Analysis of 11 Cases (2014) · cites this paper as Mostert, 2001
In the citing paper
“He reported that the only findings that were presented as providing support for FC came from uncontrolled studies, in which the facilitator had access to the requested information.”
From Authorship in Facilitated Communication: An Analysis of 11 Cases (2014) · cites this paper as Mostert (2001)
In the citing paper
“When Mostert (2001) completed a review of the FC research published between 1995 and 1999, he found no support for the validity of FC in controlled studies where message passing was used while the facilitator was masked.”
From Authorship in Facilitated Communication: An Analysis of 11 Cases (2014) · cites this paper as Mostert (2001)
In the citing paper
“The current study adds to the empirical research base, which has documented the authorship role of the facilitator in messages produced using FC (Mostert 2001(Mostert , 2010)).”
From Authorship in Facilitated Communication: An Analysis of 11 Cases (2014) · cites this paper as Mostert 2001
In the citing paper
“It is important to note that while Probst ( 2005) is a German language publication, all of the primary studies included in Probst (2005) were also included in three systematic reviews published in English: Felce (1994), Jacobson et al. (1995), andMostert (2001).”
From Facilitated Communication and Authorship: A Systematic Review (2014) · cites this paper as Mostert (2001)
In the citing paper
“However, major reviews of the extant literature in this area have concluded that the communications that are being attributed to the intellectually disabled FC users are in fact the result of inadvertent facilitator influence, because of the direct physical contact that is involved (Hastings, 1996; Jacobson et al., 1995; Mostert, 2001).”
From Hidden communicative competence: Case study evidence using eye-tracking and video analysis (2012) · cites this paper as Mostert, 2001
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“A small sample of unsubstantiated treatments frequently implemented with individuals with autism includes the gluten-free and casein free diet [2], sensory integration therapy [2, 18, 19], Relationship Development Intervention (RDI) [2], auditory integration therapy [20] and facilitated communication [21].”
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“One example of a more structured approach is facilitated communication (FC), a form of aug-mentative and alternative communication that combines visual prompts with physical support to assist MV autistic individuals in typing or pointing to communicate (for a review, see Mostert, 2001).”
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“…O’Donnell, Markowitz, & Holmes, 1996; Braman, Brady, Linehan, & Williams, 1995; Jacobson, Mulick, & Schwartz, 1995; Montee, Miltenberger, & Wittrock, 1995; Mostert, 2001; Probst, 2005; Sbalchiero & Neresini, 2008; Sheehan & Matuozzi, 1996; Simpson & Myles, 1995; Weiss, Wagner, & Bauman, 1996).”
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“…literature consists of anecdotal reports, qualitative studies, books, and lengthy pieces purportedly authored by FC-supported people and, occasionally, so-called empirical investigations that are so poorly designed and constructed that it is impossible to conclude that FC works (see Mostert, 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationScience to Practice in Intellectual Disability
Hartley, S. L., Horrell, S. C. V., & MacLean, W. E. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-32931-5_22 · Cited by 3
“Between 1992 and 1995, Jacobson et al. (1995) found 26 controlled studies and between 1995 and 2001, Mostert (2001) found a further 19 controlled studies—all of which concluded that there is no convincing evidence that facilitated communication is effective.”
BackgroundLes besoins de soins des personnes autistes
Burzstejn, C. (2006) · Cahiers de PréAut · doi:10.3917/capre.003.0011 · Cited by 3
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“Moreover, most evidence presented in support of this method has been anecdotal or opinion-based (Ganz et al., 2017), and studies claiming to offer empirical support for FC have been heavily faulted and critiqued by other researchers (Mostert, 2001, 2010).”
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“(recommendation strength: C; level of evidence:4) (Mostert, 2001) Currently, no evidence indicates that individuals with ASD can communicate through facilitated communication; there has been considerable debate regarding whether facilitation is generated by individuals with ASD or is in fl uenced by…”
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“While this method of data analysis produced evidence supportive of FC, the lack of experimental control during the communication sessions leaves unresolved the question of confounding factors (Mostert, 2001).”
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“These approaches are controversial (Mostert, 2001), however, as a range of studies have found that the user’s output is in most cases strongly influenced by the facilitator (Mostert, 2001, 2010; Wehrenfennig et al.”
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“A review of studies examining the effectiveness of facilitated communication demonstrates that there is no support for this idea (Mostert, 2001).”
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“Unlike the discredited facilitated communication method (21), these individuals generate meaningful text without physical assistance (20), and some report difficulties initiating and controlling intentional actions (22), such as pointing inaccurately despite knowing the correct response (23).”
Commentary: Bebko, Perry, and Bryson on Mostert (2001), “Facilitated Communication Since 1995”
Bebko, J. M., Perry, A., & Bryson, S. E. (2003) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1022908014456
““Review Analysis” on p. 306, Mostert (2001) comments on the apparently surprising contrast in findings across the three sets of studies and says that “the CP1 studies are especially noteworthy because they include control procedures and claim findings supportive of FC (Bebko et al., 1996 . . .”, but this observation i…”
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Silva, M. P. D., Mohamed, A. O., & Courboulay, V. (2007) · HAL
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Ethics Dialogue: Spelling to Communicate – Reply by Thomas Zane
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“…particular case is the knowledge the behavior analyst has about FC and StC. FC has been vetted extensively for decades now (see any number of reports, including Cummins and Prior (1992), Green (1992, 1994), Hudson (1995), Jacobson et al. (1995), Simpson and Myles (1995), and Mostert (2001, 2010).”
Nuri, C. (2025) · Turkish special education journal: international. · doi:10.69485/tseji.1608022
Fasilitointi - faktaa, fiktiota vai filunkia?
Ojalammi, U., & Leppänen, M. (2005) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä)
Shane, H. C., Hemsley, B., Beals, K. P., & Lang, R. B. (2026) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2026_persp-26-00004
Response: Now You See It, Now You Don't: A Response to Bebko, Perry, and Bryson
Mostert, M. P. (2003) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1022960031294
“I appreciate the attention of Bebko and his colleagues to my review of FC ( Mostert, 2001 ), although not the charge of “misrepresentation,” which implies deliberate intent to deceive.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Mostert, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Old Dominion University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mostert, Mark P.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2001-06
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 287-313
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W1568480990
- Semantic Scholar
- e763a3620e59fd8bbf8c1862141d855dbf027d5a
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 26.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- facilitated communication, nonverbal communication, communication disorders, autism spectrum disorder, intervention efficacy, control procedures, research critique
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Language Therapy, Male, Speech Therapy
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