The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Facilitated Communication Since 1995: A Review of Published Studies
Abstract
Previous reviews of Facilitated Communication (FC) studies have clearly established that proponents' claims are largely unsubstantiated and that using FC as an intervention for communicatively impaired or noncommunicative individuals is not recommended. However, while FC is less prominent than in the recent past, investigations of the technique's efficacy continue. This review examines published FC studies since the previous major reviews by Jacobson, Mulick, and Schwartz (1995) and Simpson and Myles (1995a). Findings support the conclusions of previous reviews. Furthermore, this review critiques and discounts the claims of two studies purporting to offer empirical evidence of FC efficacy using control procedures.
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“The vast majority of studies using control procedures reached similar or converging general conclusions, i.e., responses of the patients/students were mostly influenced (consciously or unconsciously) by the facilitator, and FC was generally not efficient as a communication or educational tool.”
From Evidence of Authorship on Messages in Facilitated Communication: A Case Report Using Accelerometry (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“The vast majority of studies using control procedures reached similar or converging general conclusions, i.e., responses of the patients/students were mostly influenced (consciously or unconsciously) by the facilitator, and FC was generally not efficient as a communication or educational tool.”
From Evidence of Authorship on Messages in Facilitated Communication: A Case Report Using Accelerometry (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Altogether, no firm nor definitive conclusion has been reached so far on the validity of FC.”
From Evidence of Authorship on Messages in Facilitated Communication: A Case Report Using Accelerometry (2021) · cites this paper as Mostert (5)
In the citing paper
“The controlled studies conducted so far have consistently documented that it is the facilitator, and not the person receiving support, who is generating the text in message-passing tasks”
From Authorship in Facilitated Communication: An Analysis of 11 Cases (2014) · cites this paper as Mostert, 2001
In the citing paper
“He reported that the only findings that were presented as providing support for FC came from uncontrolled studies, in which the facilitator had access to the requested information.”
From Authorship in Facilitated Communication: An Analysis of 11 Cases (2014) · cites this paper as Mostert (2001)
In the citing paper
“When Mostert (2001) completed a review of the FC research published between 1995 and 1999, he found no support for the validity of FC in controlled studies where message passing was used while the facilitator was masked.”
From Authorship in Facilitated Communication: An Analysis of 11 Cases (2014) · cites this paper as Mostert (2001)
In the citing paper
“The current study adds to the empirical research base, which has documented the authorship role of the facilitator in messages produced using FC (Mostert 2001(Mostert , 2010)).”
From Authorship in Facilitated Communication: An Analysis of 11 Cases (2014) · cites this paper as Mostert 2001
In the citing paper
“It is important to note that while Probst ( 2005) is a German language publication, all of the primary studies included in Probst (2005) were also included in three systematic reviews published in English: Felce (1994), Jacobson et al. (1995), andMostert (2001).”
From Facilitated Communication and Authorship: A Systematic Review (2014) · cites this paper as Mostert (2001)
In the citing paper
“However, major reviews of the extant literature in this area have concluded that the communications that are being attributed to the intellectually disabled FC users are in fact the result of inadvertent facilitator influence, because of the direct physical contact that is involved (Hastings, 1996; Jacobson et al., 1995; Mostert, 2001).”
From Hidden communicative competence: Case study evidence using eye-tracking and video analysis (2012) · cites this paper as Mostert, 2001
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“They probably also know that by the mid- to late-1990s, FC had been convincingly refuted by controlled research and overwhelmingly rejected by the scientific community (Jacobson, Foxx, & Mulick, 2005; Jacobson, Mulick, & Schwartz, 1995; Mostert, 2001, 2010; Probst, 2005; Shane & Kearns, 1994).”
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Self-citationMostert, M. P., Kauffman, J. M., & Kavale, K. A. (2003) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/019874290302800405 · Cited by 22
Self-citationCritical Issues in Causation and Treatment of Autism: Why Fads Continue to Flourish
McDonald, M. E., Pace, D., Blue, E. V., & Schwartz, D. (2012) · Child & Family Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1080/07317107.2012.732849 · Cited by 20
“Overwhelming scientific evidence (Mostert, 2001; Eberlin, McConnachie, Ibel, & Volpe, 1993; Gorman, 1998) demonstrates that with FC, the communication comes from the facilitator, not the child.”
BackgroundDockrell, J. E. (2004) · British Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3156.2004.00315.x · Cited by 22
Sturmey, P., Taylor, J. L., & Lindsay, W. R. (2004) · doi:10.1002/9780470713440.ch17 · Cited by 22
Vyse, S., Hemsley, B., Lang, R., Lilienfeld, S. O., Mostert, M. P., Schlinger, H. D., Shane, H. C., Sherry, M., & Todd, J. T. (2019) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x18002236 · Cited by 20
Self-citationA recent eye-tracking study fails to reveal agency in assisted autistic communication
Beals, K. P. (2021) · Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention · doi:10.1080/17489539.2021.1918890 · Cited by 20
“Error rates, however, remained high, and the study has been criticized for several design flaws (Mostert, 2001).”
Preparing Our Future Helping Professionals to Become Critical Thinkers: A Tutorial
Finn, P., Brundage, S. B., & DiLollo, A. (2016) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/persp1.sig10.43 · Cited by 21
Evidence of Authorship on Messages in Facilitated Communication: A Case Report Using Accelerometry
Faure, P., Legou, T., & Gepner, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.543385 · Cited by 19
Diagnostik und Therapie von Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen im Kindesalter
Kamp‐Becker, I., Duketis, E., Sinzig, J., Poustka, L., & Becker, K. (2010) · Kindheit und Entwicklung · doi:10.1026/0942-5403/a000019 · Cited by 18
Grammar and Lexicon in Individuals With Autism: A Quantitative Analysis of a Large Italian Corpus
Tuzzi, A. (2009) · Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1934-9556-47.5.373 · Cited by 19
Todd, J. T. (2012) · Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention · doi:10.1080/17489539.2012.704738 · Cited by 18
“…accused of rape, coupled with a complete absence of sound scientific evidence in favor of FC, augmented by dozens of disconfirmatory studies (G. Green, 1994; Margolin, 1994; Mostert, 2001, 2010; Probst, 2005; Shane, 1994a, 1994b) were not enough to firmly establish FC as dangerous and ineffective.”
ResultComprehensive Treatment Packages for ASD
Romanczyk, R. G., Gillis, J. L., White, S., & Reed, F. D. D. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012373606-2.50014-0 · Cited by 17
Asserting the Fanciful Over the Empirical: Introduction to the Special Issue
Mostert, M. P. (2010) · Exceptionality · doi:10.1080/09362830903462409 · Cited by 17
“Mostert examines the state of Facilitated Communication (FC) research since a previous review (Mostert, 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAnalyzing Written Communication in AAC Contexts: A Statistical Perspective
Bernardi, L., & Tuzzi, A. (2011) · Augmentative and Alternative Communication · doi:10.3109/07434618.2011.610353 · Cited by 16
“FC has received criticism, and its role as an alternative means of communication is an extremely controversial issue (for a review, see Mostert, 2001).”
BackgroundReed, F. D. D., Novak, M. D., Henley, A. J., Brand, D., & McDonald, M. E. (2017) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62995-7_9 · Cited by 16
Willusionism, epiphenomenalism, and the feeling of conscious will
Walter, S. (2014) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-013-0393-y · Cited by 16
An Empirical Examination of Visual Analysis Procedures for Clinical Practice Evaluation
Borckardt, J. J., Murphy, M. D., Nash, M. R., & Shaw, D. L. (2004) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1300/j079v30n03_04 · Cited by 16
Offenders with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Taylor, J. L., & Lindsay, W. (2017) · The Wiley Handbook on Offenders with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1002/9781118752982.ch25 · Cited by 16
Best Practices and Interventions in Special Education: How Do We Know What Works?.
Spaulding, L. S. (2009) · Scholars Crossing (Liberty University) · Cited by 12
In Pursuit of Excellence: The Past as Prologue to a Brighter Future for Special Education
Rock, M. L., Thead, B. K., Gable, R. A., Hardman, M. L., & Acker, R. M. V. (2017) · Focus on Exceptional Children · doi:10.17161/foec.v38i8.6822 · Cited by 13
“When the "facilitator" and the student were provided independent questions or directions, in the vast majority of cases, the message entered on the keyboard related to that of the "facilitator" rather than the individual being facilitated (Bligh & Kupperman, 1993; Mostert, 2001; National Research Council, 2001; Wheele…”
BackgroundChok, J. T., Reed, D. D., Kennedy, A., & Bird, F. L. (2010) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/bf03391764 · Cited by 13
“As a prime example of how and why controversial treatments should be objectively assessed, the reader is encouraged to consult the literature describing strong evidence against the use of facilitated communication (e.g., Cook Myers, Miltenberger, & Suda, 1998; Green, 1994; Mostert, 2001).”
BackgroundSinger, G. H. S., Horner, R. H., Dunlap, G., & Wang, M. (2014) · Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1540796914558831 · Cited by 13
“A few proponents have used quantitative experiments to argue their case (Cardinal, Hanson, & Wakeham, 1996), although these have been severely criticized on methodological grounds (Mostert, 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFacilitated communication: The empirical imperative to prevent further professional malpractice
Mostert, M. P. (2012) · Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention · doi:10.1080/17489539.2012.693840 · Cited by 12
“In the few instances where FC proponents have reported CP research with quantitative designs, these have been uniformly inadequate and should be dismissed as legitimate higher order quantitative findings (see Mostert, 2001, 2010).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationBehavioral and educational approaches to the pervasive developmental disorders
Harris, S. L. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544446.009 · Cited by 10
An Activist Approach to Debunking FC
Mostert, M. P. (2014) · Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1540796914556779 · Cited by 12
“…(consecutively) by Cummins and Prior (1992); G. Green (1992, 1994); Hudson (1995); Jacobson, Mulick, and Schwartz (1995); Simpson and Myles (1995); and Mostert (2001, 2010) have all emphatically concluded that FC is based on the influence of the facilitator and not the actions of the client.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDoes linguistic analysis confirm the validity of facilitated communication?
Saloviita, T. (2018) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1088357616646075 · Cited by 11
Knight, A., Clark, A., Petrie, P., et al. (2006) · IOE EPrints · Cited by 11
In Defense of Applied Behavior Analysis and Evidence-Based Practice
Travers, J. C., & Tincani, M. (2025) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-025-00468-y · Cited by 10
“Facilitated communication is the single most discredited technique in the history of DD (Mostert, 2001, 2010; Schlosser et al., 2014).”
King, S. A., Wang, L., Datchuk, S. M., & Rodgers, D. B. (2022) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194221077688 · Cited by 11
“Aside from the nearly ubiquitous use of random-effects models, determining the propriety of specific methodological decisions can be difficult given the varied justification for exploring a specific research tactic (Mostert, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSipilä, A.-K., & Määttä, K. (2011) · Psychology of Language and Communication · doi:10.2478/v10057-011-0001-5 · Cited by 10
“…& arnold, 1993; moore ym, 1993; Szempruch & Jacobson, 1993; Cabay, 1994; regal, rooney & Wandas, 1994; Shane & Kearns, 1994; Bebko, perry & Bryson, 1996; Bomba et al., 1996; Simon, Whitehair & toll, 1996; Kerrin & murdock, 1998; mostert, 2001; Saloviita & Sariola, 2003; Ojalammi & leppänen, 2005).”
Self-Advocacy, “Learning Difficulties,” and the Social Model of Disability
Goodley, D., Armstrong, D., Sutherland, K., & Laurie, L. (2003) · Mental Retardation · doi:10.1352/0047-6765(2003)41 · Cited by 24
Travers, J. C., Tincani, M., Thompson, J., & Simpson, R. L. (2016) · Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities · doi:10.1108/s0735-004x20160000029005 · Cited by 10
Gilroy, S. P., Waits, J. A., & Kaplan, B. A. (2022) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.731 · Cited by 9
Identifying Fad Therapies for Autism Spectrum Disorders and Promoting Effective Treatment
Tuzikow, J. E., & Holburn, S. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8065-6_19 · Cited by 9
Schlosser, R. W., & Prabhu, A. (2024) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-024-00296-w · Cited by 8
Capuano, A. M., & Killu, K. (2020) · Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1002/bin.1750 · Cited by 6
Chapter 6. Body in autism: A view from social interaction
Solomon, O. (2011) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781934078204.105 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Mostert, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Old Dominion University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mostert, Mark P.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2001-06
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 287-313
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W1568480990
- Semantic Scholar
- e763a3620e59fd8bbf8c1862141d855dbf027d5a
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 26.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- facilitated communication, nonverbal communication, communication disorders, autism spectrum disorder, intervention efficacy, control procedures, research critique
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Language Therapy, Male, Speech Therapy
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