The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Facilitated Communication Since 1995: A Review of Published Studies
Abstract
Previous reviews of Facilitated Communication (FC) studies have clearly established that proponents' claims are largely unsubstantiated and that using FC as an intervention for communicatively impaired or noncommunicative individuals is not recommended. However, while FC is less prominent than in the recent past, investigations of the technique's efficacy continue. This review examines published FC studies since the previous major reviews by Jacobson, Mulick, and Schwartz (1995) and Simpson and Myles (1995a). Findings support the conclusions of previous reviews. Furthermore, this review critiques and discounts the claims of two studies purporting to offer empirical evidence of FC efficacy using control procedures.
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“The vast majority of studies using control procedures reached similar or converging general conclusions, i.e., responses of the patients/students were mostly influenced (consciously or unconsciously) by the facilitator, and FC was generally not efficient as a communication or educational tool.”
From Evidence of Authorship on Messages in Facilitated Communication: A Case Report Using Accelerometry (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“The vast majority of studies using control procedures reached similar or converging general conclusions, i.e., responses of the patients/students were mostly influenced (consciously or unconsciously) by the facilitator, and FC was generally not efficient as a communication or educational tool.”
From Evidence of Authorship on Messages in Facilitated Communication: A Case Report Using Accelerometry (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Altogether, no firm nor definitive conclusion has been reached so far on the validity of FC.”
From Evidence of Authorship on Messages in Facilitated Communication: A Case Report Using Accelerometry (2021) · cites this paper as Mostert (5)
In the citing paper
“The controlled studies conducted so far have consistently documented that it is the facilitator, and not the person receiving support, who is generating the text in message-passing tasks”
From Authorship in Facilitated Communication: An Analysis of 11 Cases (2014) · cites this paper as Mostert, 2001
In the citing paper
“He reported that the only findings that were presented as providing support for FC came from uncontrolled studies, in which the facilitator had access to the requested information.”
From Authorship in Facilitated Communication: An Analysis of 11 Cases (2014) · cites this paper as Mostert (2001)
In the citing paper
“When Mostert (2001) completed a review of the FC research published between 1995 and 1999, he found no support for the validity of FC in controlled studies where message passing was used while the facilitator was masked.”
From Authorship in Facilitated Communication: An Analysis of 11 Cases (2014) · cites this paper as Mostert (2001)
In the citing paper
“The current study adds to the empirical research base, which has documented the authorship role of the facilitator in messages produced using FC (Mostert 2001(Mostert , 2010)).”
From Authorship in Facilitated Communication: An Analysis of 11 Cases (2014) · cites this paper as Mostert 2001
In the citing paper
“It is important to note that while Probst ( 2005) is a German language publication, all of the primary studies included in Probst (2005) were also included in three systematic reviews published in English: Felce (1994), Jacobson et al. (1995), andMostert (2001).”
From Facilitated Communication and Authorship: A Systematic Review (2014) · cites this paper as Mostert (2001)
In the citing paper
“However, major reviews of the extant literature in this area have concluded that the communications that are being attributed to the intellectually disabled FC users are in fact the result of inadvertent facilitator influence, because of the direct physical contact that is involved (Hastings, 1996; Jacobson et al., 1995; Mostert, 2001).”
From Hidden communicative competence: Case study evidence using eye-tracking and video analysis (2012) · cites this paper as Mostert, 2001
Citations
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Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. A. (1995) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.50.9.750 · Cited by 211 · cited 4×
“This review examines published FC studies since the previous major reviews by Jacobson, Mulick, and Schwartz (1995) and Simpson and Myles (1995a).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDiagnosis and classification in autism
Waterhouse, L. H., Morris, R. D., ALLEN, D. A., Dunn, M. A., FEIN, D. A., Feinstein, C., Rapin, I., & Wing, L. (1996) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02276235 · Cited by 138
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Ackerson, S. (1994). Facilitated communication: A communication breakthrough or breakdown? Beyond Behavior, 5, 13-16.
- Biklen, D. (1993). Communication unbound. New York: Teachers College Press.
- Gorman, B. J. (1998). Facilitated communication in America: Eight years and counting. Skeptic, 6, 64-71.
- Haskew, P., & Donnellan, A. M. (1993). Emotional maturity and well-being: Psychological lessons of facilitated communication, Madison, WI: DRI Press.
- Hitzing, W. (1994). Reply to Levine et al.'s “Plea to professionals.” Mental Retardation, 32, 314-317.
- Jacobson, J. W., Eberlin, M., Mulick, J. A., Schwartz, A. A., Szempruch, J., & Wheeler, D. L. (1994). Autism and facilitated communication: Future directions. In J. L. Matson (Ed.), Autism in children and adults: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment (pp. 59-83). Pacific grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
- Margolin, K. N. (1994). How shall facilitated communication be judged? In H. C. Shane, (Ed)., Facilitated communication: The clinical and social phenomenon (pp. 227-258). San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing.
- Mostert, M. P. (1994). The more things change: New ideas, old directions? Beyond Behavior 5, 17-18.
- Shane, H. C. (Ed.). (1994). Facilitated communication: The clinical and social phenomenon. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing.
- Wolfensberger, W. (1992, August/October). The facilitated communication craze: The cold fusion of human sciences. Training Institute for Human Service Planning, Leadership, and Change Agentry, 12, 39-46.
- Wolfensberger, W. (1994). The “Facilitation Communication” craze as an instance of pathological science: The cold fusion of human services. In H. C. Shane, (Ed.)., Facilitated communication: The clinical and social phenomenon (pp. 57-122). San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Myers, S. M., Johnson, C. P., & the Council on Children With Disabilities (2007) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2362 · Cited by 1,125
Internet survey of treatments used by parents of children with autism.
Green, V. A., Pituch, K. A., Itchon, J., Choi, A., O’Reilly, M., & Sigafoos, J. (2006) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2004.12.002 · Cited by 617
“Examples of treatments that lack empirical support include auditory integration training (Gillberg, Johansson, Steffenburg, & Berlin, 1997), facilitated communication (Mostert, 2001), and holding therapy (Tinbergen & Tinbergen, 1983).”
BackgroundFrom Cure to Community: Transforming Notions of Autism
Bagatell, N. (2010) · Ethos · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1352.2009.01080.x · Cited by 327
Wolff, S. (2004) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-004-0363-5 · Cited by 283
Lilienfeld, S. O., Ammirati, R. J., & David, M. (2011) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2011.09.006 · Cited by 212
Metadata
- Authors
- Mostert, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Old Dominion University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mostert, Mark P.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2001-06
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 287-313
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W1568480990
- Semantic Scholar
- e763a3620e59fd8bbf8c1862141d855dbf027d5a
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 26.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- facilitated communication, nonverbal communication, communication disorders, autism spectrum disorder, intervention efficacy, control procedures, research critique
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Language Therapy, Male, Speech Therapy
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