The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Difference, Disparity, and Race/Ethnic Bias in Federal Sentencing
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Everett & Wojtkiewicz (2002) found that Native Americans were more likely to be imprisoned than whites, especially for violent crimes.”
From Criminal Justice in Indian Country: A Theoretical and Empirical Agenda (2019) · cites this paper as Everett & Wojtkiewicz (2002)
Citations
Cites
The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging Strategy of Corrections and Its Implications
Feeley, M., & Simon, J. (1992) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01112.x · Cited by 2,109
Statistical Methods for Comparing Regression Coefficients Between Models
Clogg, C. C., Petkova, E., & Haritou, A. (1995) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230638 · Cited by 2,075
STEFFENSMEIER, D., ULMER, J., & KRAMER, J. (1998) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01265.x · Cited by 1,592
An Introduction to Sample Selection Bias in Sociological Data
Berk, R. A. (1983) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095230 · Cited by 1,213
Malign Neglect: Race, Crime and Punishment in America.
Hall, J. G., & Tonry, M. (1996) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2076995 · Cited by 759
An Integration of Theories to Explain Judicial Discretion
Albonetti, C. A. (1991) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/800532 · Cited by 751
Malign Neglect Race, Crime, And Punishment In America
Tonry, M. (1995) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195077209.001.0001 · Cited by 690
Bridges, G. S., & Steen, S. (1998) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657267 · Cited by 661
The Social Organization of Juvenile Justice
Cicourel, A. V. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315134994 · Cited by 558
GENDER AND IMPRISONMENT DECISIONS
Steffensmeier, D. J., Kramer, J. H., & Streifel, C. M. (1993) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01136.x · Cited by 539
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Becker, E. R. (1991). Flexibility and discretion available to the sentencing judge under the guideline regime. Federal Probation LV: 10-15.
- Bridges, G. S., and Conley, D. (1995). Racial Disproportionality in County Juvenile Ffacilities. Department of Social and Health Services, State of Washington, Olympia, WA.
- Maxfield, L. D., and Kramer, J. H. (1998). Substantial Assistance: An Empirical Yardstick Gauging Equity in Current Federal Policy and Practice. United States Sentencing Commission, Washington, DC.
- Myers, S. L., Jr. (1993). Racial disparities in sentencing: Can sentencing reforms reduce discrimination in punishment. Colorado Law Review 64: 781-808.
- Nagel, I. H., and Schulhofer, S. J. (1992). A tale of three cities: An empirical study of charging and bargaining practices under the federal sentencing guidelines. Southern California Law Review 66: 501-566.
- Steury, E. H. (1989). Prosecutorial and judicial discretion. In Champion, D. J. (ed.), The U.S. Sentencing Guidelines: Implications for Criminal Justice, Praeger, New York.
- Tjoflat, G. B. (1991). The untapped potential for judicial discretion under the federal sentencing guidelines: Advice for counsel. Federal Probation LV: 4-15.
- Tonry, M. (1996). Sentencing Matters. Oxford University Press, New York.
- United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. (1983). Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1983, Report No. 98-225. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
- United States Sentencing Commission. (1995). Cocaine and Federal Sentencing Policy. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
- United States Sentencing Commission. (1991b). Guidelines Manual. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
- United States Sentencing Commission. (1987). Supplementary Report on the Initial Sentencing Guidelines and Policy Statements. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
- Wilkins, W. W. (1992). Response to Judge Heaney. American Criminal Law Review 29: 795-821.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Reassessing and Redirecting Research on Race and Sentencing
Baumer, E. P. (2012) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2012.682602 · Cited by 356
Doerner, J. K., & Demuth, S. (2009) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418820902926197 · Cited by 322
THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF GUIDELINES CIRCUMVENTION: THE CASE OF FEDERAL DISTRICT COURTS*
JOHNSON, B. D., ULMER, J. T., & KRAMER, J. H. (2008) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2008.00125.x · Cited by 291
Johnson, B. D., & Betsinger, S. (2009) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00169.x · Cited by 182
Lynch, M. (2019) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2019.1686163 · Cited by 176
Race and Cumulative Discrimination in the Prosecution of Criminal Defendants
Stolzenberg, L., D’Alessio, S. J., & Eitle, D. J. (2013) · Race and Justice · doi:10.1177/2153368713500317 · Cited by 163
Ingroup Bias in Official Behavior: A National Field Experiment in China
Distelhorst, G., & Hou, Y. (2014) · Quarterly Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1561/100.00013110 · Cited by 162
Understanding the black–white school discipline gap
Kinsler, J. (2011) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.07.004 · Cited by 157
A Multilevel Test of Minority Threat Effects on Sentencing
Wang, X., & Mears, D. P. (2009) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-009-9076-8 · Cited by 153
Light, M. T., Massoglia, M., & King, R. D. (2014) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122414543659 · Cited by 119
Fischman, J. B., & Schanzenbach, M. M. (2012) · Journal of Empirical Legal Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1740-1461.2012.01266.x · Cited by 118
Light, M. T. (2014) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12073 · Cited by 94
Have Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Sentencing Declined?
King, R. D., & Light, M. T. (2019) · Crime and Justice · doi:10.1086/701505 · Cited by 87
U.S. ATTORNEYS AND SUBSTANTIAL ASSISTANCE DEPARTURES: TESTING FOR INTERPROSECUTOR DISPARITY*
SPOHN, C., & FORNANGO, R. (2009) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00163.x · Cited by 110
The state of race and punishment in America: Is justice really blind?
Franklin, T. W. (2017) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.05.011 · Cited by 76
Mapping the Racial Bias of the White Male Capital Juror: Jury Composition and the “Empathic Divide”
Lynch, M., & Haney, C. W. (2011) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2011.00428.x · Cited by 81
Sentencing Native Americans in US Federal Courts: An Examination of Disparity
Franklin, T. W. (2013) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2011.605072 · Cited by 72
To Serve and Collect: The Fiscal and Racial Determinants of Law Enforcement
Makowsky, M. D., Stratmann, T., & Tabarrok, A. T. (2019) · The Journal of Legal Studies · doi:10.1086/700589 · Cited by 56
Anderson, A. L., & Spohn, C. (2009) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418820902936683 · Cited by 68
Does Indigeneity Matter? Sentencing Indigenous Offenders in South Australia's Higher Courts
Jeffries, S., & Bond, C. E. W. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1375/acri.42.1.47 · Cited by 66
The Dangerous Drug Offender in Federal Court
Spohn, C., & Sample, L. L. (2008) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128708319928 · Cited by 62
Drunk and Doubly Deviant? the Role of Gender and Intoxication in Sentencing Assault Offences
Lightowlers, C. (2018) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azy041 · Cited by 60
Ward, G., Farrell, A., & Rousseau, D. (2009) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2009.00388.x · Cited by 60
Spohn, C. (2013) · Duke Law Scholarship Repository (Duke University) · Cited by 54
Unraveling the effect of offender citizenship status on federal sentencing outcomes
Wolfe, S. E., Pyrooz, D. C., & Spohn, C. (2010) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.09.013 · Cited by 54
Race and Ethnicity Effects in Federal Sentencing: A Propensity Score Analysis
Franklin, T. W. (2013) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2013.790990 · Cited by 53
Criminal Justice in Indian Country: A Theoretical and Empirical Agenda
Ulmer, J. T., & Bradley, M. S. (2019) · Annual Review of Criminology · doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024805 · Cited by 52
Spohn, C., & Brennan, P. K. (2011) · Race and Justice · doi:10.1177/2153368710396228 · Cited by 50
Kutateladze, B. L. (2017) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12166 · Cited by 47
Driving racial profiling research forward: Learning lessons from sentencing research
Tillyer, R., & Hartley, R. D. (2010) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.04.039 · Cited by 47
Pina-Sánchez, J., Roberts, J. V., & Sferopoulos, D. (2018) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azy062 · Cited by 43
Sentencing young minority males for drug offenses
Curry, T. R., & Corral-Camacho, G. (2008) · Punishment & Society · doi:10.1177/1462474508090231 · Cited by 43
Interdistrict Disparity in Sentencing in Three U.S. District Courts
Wu, J., & Spohn, C. (2008) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128707309997 · Cited by 42
Jeffries, S., & Bond, C. E. W. (2012) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2012.700830 · Cited by 41
Refining the measurement of consistency in sentencing: A methodological review
Pina-Sánchez, J., & Linacre, R. (2015) · International journal of law, crime and justice · doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2015.06.001 · Cited by 40
Does an Offender’s Age Have an Effect on Sentence Length?
Wu, J., & Spohn, C. (2009) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403409333047 · Cited by 39
LaFrentz, C. D., & Spohn, C. (2006) · Justice Research and Policy · doi:10.3818/jrp.8.2.2006.25 · Cited by 38
Blame Based on One's Name? Extralegal Disparities in Criminal Conviction and Sentencing
Bielen, S., Grajzl, P., & Marneffe, W. (2018) · European Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1007/s10657-020-09670-6 · Cited by 36
Circumventing the Penalty for Offenders Facing Mandatory Minimums
Cano, M. V., & Spohn, C. (2012) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854811431419 · Cited by 33
Beck, E., Britto, S., & Andrews, A. (2007) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.001.0001 · Cited by 33
Spohn, C. (2005) · Justice Research and Policy · doi:10.3818/jrp.7.2.2005.1 · Cited by 31
Hartley, R. D., & Armendariz, L. F. (2011) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1043986211402208 · Cited by 31
Zooming In: Courtrooms and Defendants’ Rights during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Nir, E., & Musial, J. (2022) · Social & Legal Studies · doi:10.1177/09646639221076099 · Cited by 30
Weenink, D. (2008) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azn078 · Cited by 30
The Direct and Indirect Effects of Offender Drug Use on Federal Sentencing Outcomes
Spohn, C., Kim, B., Belenko, S. R., & Brennan, P. K. (2014) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-014-9214-9 · Cited by 30
Farrell, A. S. (2004) · Justice Research and Policy · doi:10.3818/jrp.6.2.2004.45 · Cited by 29
Conversations About Crime: Re-Enforcing and Fighting Against Platformed Racism on Reddit
Wu, Q., Williams, L. K., Simpson, E., & Semaan, B. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3512901 · Cited by 29
Koo, D., Feldmeyer, B., & Holmes, B. (2021) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00224278211023980 · Cited by 28
The Joint Effects of Gender and Race/Ethnicity on Sentencing Outcomes in Federal Courts
Doerner, J. K. (2015) · Women & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/08974454.2014.989298 · Cited by 28
Sentencing policy and disparity: Guidelines and the influence of legal and democratic subcultures
Crow, M. S., & Gertz, M. (2008) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2008.06.004 · Cited by 28
Brunton‐Smith, I., Pina-Sánchez, J., & Li, G. (2020) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azaa030 · Cited by 27
Punishment in Indian Country: Ironies of Federal Punishment of Native Americans
Ulmer, J. T., & Bradley, M. S. (2018) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2017.1341540 · Cited by 26
Sentencing outcomes of the older prison population: an exploration of the age leniency argument
Blowers, A. N., & Doerner, J. K. (2013) · Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1080/0735648x.2013.822161 · Cited by 26
Revisiting the Normal Crime and Liberation Hypotheses
Wu, J., & DeLone, M. A. (2012) · Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/0734016811436336 · Cited by 25
Sentencing Asian Offenders in State Courts
Franklin, T. W., & Fearn, N. E. (2010) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128710386200 · Cited by 24
Implications of Data Anonymization on the Statistical Evidence of Disparity
Xu, H., & Zhang, N. (2022) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2021.4028 · Cited by 25
Race, Ethnicity, and Judicial Discretion
Nowacki, J. S. (2013) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128712470990 · Cited by 25
Sentencing of Native Americans: A Multistage Analysis Under the Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines
Wilmot, K. A., & Delone, M. A. (2010) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2010.502821 · Cited by 49
The Impact of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines and Reform: A Comparative Analysis
Tiede, L. B. (2013) · Justice System Journal · doi:10.1080/0098261x.2009.10767913 · Cited by 23
Sentencing Outcomes in U.S. District Courts
Franklin, T. W. (2015) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128715570627 · Cited by 23
Indigeneity and the Likelihood of Imprisonment in Queensland's Adult and Children's Courts
Bond, C. E. W., & Jeffries, S. (2011) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2010.543757
Geography and Sentencing: Does Country of Citizenship Influence Sentence Longevity?
Iles, G., & Adegun, O. V. (2018) · International Journal of Criminology and Sociology · doi:10.6000/1929-4409.2018.07.05 · Cited by 22
Race, Staff, and Punishment: Representative Bureaucracy in American State Prisons
Olson, J. (2016) · Administration & Society · doi:10.1177/0095399716667156 · Cited by 24
New Directions in Intersections, Inequality, and Sentencing
Gaub, J. E., & Holtfreter, K. (2015) · Women & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/08974454.2014.989299 · Cited by 22
Pina-Sánchez, J., Grech, D., Brunton‐Smith, I., & Sferopoulos, D. (2019) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.102343 · Cited by 22
Juvenile Status and Criminal Sentencing
Jordan, K. L. (2013) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/1541204013505298 · Cited by 21
Indigeneity And The Judicial Decision To Imprison: A Study of Western Australia's Higher Courts
Bond, C. E. W., & Jeffries, S. (2011) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azr001 · Cited by 21
Minority threat and criminal sentencing: examining juveniles in the adult criminal justice system
Jordan, K. L., & Maroun, R. (2016) · Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1080/0735648x.2015.1133397 · Cited by 21
How much time? Indigenous status and the sentenced imprisonment term decision in New South Wales
Bond, C. E. W., Jeffries, S., & Weatherburn, D. (2011) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/0004865811405127 · Cited by 20
Reassessing the Influence of Criminal History in Federal Criminal Courts
Holmes, B., & Feldmeyer, B. (2019) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2019.1685121 · Cited by 20
Sentencing in light of collateral consequences: Does age matter?
Ryon, S. B., Chiricos, T., Siennick, S. E., Barrick, K., & Bales, W. D. (2017) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.07.009 · Cited by 18
Fairness of Ratemaking for Catastrophe Insurance: Lessons from Machine Learning
Zhang, N., & Xu, H. (2022) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2022.1195 · Cited by 18
Henry, B. F. (2022) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.2240 · Cited by 17
Sentencing scorecards: Reducing racial disparities in prison sentences at their source
Ridgeway, G. K., Moyer, R. A., & Bushway, S. D. (2020) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12529 · Cited by 17
Mitchell, O., & MacKenzie, D. L. (2004) · Cited by 16
Valadez, M., & Xia, W. (2017) · Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1080/00380253.2017.1354736 · Cited by 16
Excessive Uniformity in Federal Drug Sentencing
Sevigny, E. L. (2009) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-009-9064-z · Cited by 16
Examining the prevalence and correlates of a ‘senior citizen discount’ in US federal courts
Morrow, W. J., Vickovic, S. G., & Fradella, H. F. (2014) · Criminal Justice Studies · doi:10.1080/1478601x.2014.947029 · Cited by 15
Stringer, R. J., & Holland, M. M. (2016) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2016.1187239 · Cited by 15
Equality Before the Courts? Studying Citizenship Disparities in Sentencing in Catalonia
Riba, J. M. L., Cabello, Ú. R., Gómez, D. V., & Vasilescu, C. (2022) · European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10610-022-09530-w · Cited by 14
An analysis of educators sanctioned for misconduct
Brady, G., & Tajalli, H. (2017) · Research in Education · doi:10.1177/0034523717746435 · Cited by 14
Entwined life events: The effect of parental incarceration timing on children's academic achievement
Fox, M. P., Moore, R., & Song, X. (2022) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2022.100516 · Cited by 18
Bond, C. E. W., & Jeffries, S. (2011) · Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/1440783311413486 · Cited by 14
Sentencing Convicted Juvenile Felony Offenders in the Adult Court: The Direct Effects of Race
Howell, R. J., & Hutto, T. S. (2012) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.2012 · Cited by 12
The Predictive Performance of Risk Assessment in Real Life: An External Validation of the MnSTARR
Duwe, G., & Rocque, M. (2019) · Corrections · doi:10.1080/23774657.2019.1682952 · Cited by 12
Lehmann, P. S., & Gomez, A. I. (2020) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-020-09550-4 · Cited by 12
Holmes, B., & Feldmeyer, B. (2023) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-023-09573-0 · Cited by 11
Is All Punishment Local? The Effects of Jurisdictional Context on Sentence Length*
Chen, E. Y. (2013) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.12006 · Cited by 11
Nir, E., & Griffiths, E. (2016) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403416635248 · Cited by 11
Mamak, K., Dudek, J., Koniewski, M., & Kwiatkowski, D. (2020) · European Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/1477370820952729 · Cited by 11
Albonetti, C. A. (2014) · Crime Law and Social Change · doi:10.1007/s10611-013-9507-1 · Cited by 10
Jeffries, S., & Bond, C. E. W. (2012) · International journal of law, crime and justice · doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2012.11.006 · Cited by 10
Stalans, L. J., Juergens, R., Seng, M., & Lavery, T. A. (2004) · Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/073401680402900104 · Cited by 9
The Model Minority Myth for Noncitizen Immigration Offenses and Sentencing Outcomes
Wu, J., & Kim, D.-Y. (2013) · Race and Justice · doi:10.1177/2153368713507000 · Cited by 9
Spohn, C., & Belenko, S. R. (2013) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854812468433 · Cited by 9
Age, Racial/Ethnic Minority Status, Gender and Misdemeanor Sentencing
Muñoz, E. A., & Freng, A. B. (2008) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1300/j222v05n04_02 · Cited by 8
St. Louis, S. (2020) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403419890124 · Cited by 8
Iles, G. (2009) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716208330705 · Cited by 8
Federal Sentencing Guidelines and United States v. Booker : Social Context and Sentencing Disparity
Nowacki, J. S. (2015) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403415619987 · Cited by 8
Spohn, C., & Johnson, B. D. (2025) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2024.2446765 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Everett, R. S., & Wojtkiewicz, R. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Justice (US)
- Ball State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wojtkiewicz, Roger A.
- Venue
- Journal of Quantitative Criminology
- Published
- 2002-06
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 189-211
- ISSN
- 0748-4518 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7799
- OpenAlex
- W11221521
- Cited by
- 187
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Quantitative Criminology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Education › Education Discipline and Inequality
- Keywords
- federal sentencing, sentencing guidelines, racial disparities, ethnic disparities, racial bias, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, attribution theory, uncertainty avoidance, conflict theory, criminal justice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review