The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Difference, Disparity, and Race/Ethnic Bias in Federal Sentencing
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Everett & Wojtkiewicz (2002) found that Native Americans were more likely to be imprisoned than whites, especially for violent crimes.”
From Criminal Justice in Indian Country: A Theoretical and Empirical Agenda (2019) · cites this paper as Everett & Wojtkiewicz (2002)
Citations
Cites
The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging Strategy of Corrections and Its Implications
Feeley, M., & Simon, J. (1992) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01112.x · Cited by 2,109
Statistical Methods for Comparing Regression Coefficients Between Models
Clogg, C. C., Petkova, E., & Haritou, A. (1995) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230638 · Cited by 2,075
STEFFENSMEIER, D., ULMER, J., & KRAMER, J. (1998) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01265.x · Cited by 1,592
An Introduction to Sample Selection Bias in Sociological Data
Berk, R. A. (1983) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095230 · Cited by 1,213
Malign Neglect: Race, Crime and Punishment in America.
Hall, J. G., & Tonry, M. (1996) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2076995 · Cited by 759
An Integration of Theories to Explain Judicial Discretion
Albonetti, C. A. (1991) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/800532 · Cited by 751
Malign Neglect Race, Crime, And Punishment In America
Tonry, M. (1995) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195077209.001.0001 · Cited by 690
Bridges, G. S., & Steen, S. (1998) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657267 · Cited by 661
The Social Organization of Juvenile Justice
Cicourel, A. V. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315134994 · Cited by 558
GENDER AND IMPRISONMENT DECISIONS
Steffensmeier, D. J., Kramer, J. H., & Streifel, C. M. (1993) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1993.tb01136.x · Cited by 539
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Becker, E. R. (1991). Flexibility and discretion available to the sentencing judge under the guideline regime. Federal Probation LV: 10-15.
- Bridges, G. S., and Conley, D. (1995). Racial Disproportionality in County Juvenile Ffacilities. Department of Social and Health Services, State of Washington, Olympia, WA.
- Maxfield, L. D., and Kramer, J. H. (1998). Substantial Assistance: An Empirical Yardstick Gauging Equity in Current Federal Policy and Practice. United States Sentencing Commission, Washington, DC.
- Myers, S. L., Jr. (1993). Racial disparities in sentencing: Can sentencing reforms reduce discrimination in punishment. Colorado Law Review 64: 781-808.
- Nagel, I. H., and Schulhofer, S. J. (1992). A tale of three cities: An empirical study of charging and bargaining practices under the federal sentencing guidelines. Southern California Law Review 66: 501-566.
- Steury, E. H. (1989). Prosecutorial and judicial discretion. In Champion, D. J. (ed.), The U.S. Sentencing Guidelines: Implications for Criminal Justice, Praeger, New York.
- Tjoflat, G. B. (1991). The untapped potential for judicial discretion under the federal sentencing guidelines: Advice for counsel. Federal Probation LV: 4-15.
- Tonry, M. (1996). Sentencing Matters. Oxford University Press, New York.
- United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. (1983). Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1983, Report No. 98-225. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
- United States Sentencing Commission. (1995). Cocaine and Federal Sentencing Policy. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
- United States Sentencing Commission. (1991b). Guidelines Manual. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
- United States Sentencing Commission. (1987). Supplementary Report on the Initial Sentencing Guidelines and Policy Statements. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
- Wilkins, W. W. (1992). Response to Judge Heaney. American Criminal Law Review 29: 795-821.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–186 of 186
Mamak, K., Dudek, J., Koniewski, M., & Kwiatkowski, D. (2022) · European Journal of Crime Criminal Law and Criminal Justice · doi:10.1163/15718174-bja10030 · Cited by 7
Bias detected? An examination of criminal history using the OYAS-DIS for girls and black youth
Miller, W. T., Campbell, C., & Larnell, T. B. (2021) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2021.1932661 · Cited by 8
Judicial diversity and sentencing disparity across U.S. District Courts
Crow, M. S., & Goulette, N. W. (2022) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101973 · Cited by 6
Jeffries, S., & Bond, C. E. W. (2012) · Australian Institute of Criminology eBooks · doi:10.52922/ti247988 · Cited by 6
One Day Makes All the Difference: Denying Federal Offenders Access to “Good Time” Through Sentencing
Franklin, T. W., & Henry, T. K. S. (2016) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128716682227 · Cited by 6
Racial, Ethnic, Gender, and Economic Sentencing Disparity
Lehmann, P. S., & Gomez, A. I. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77565-0_8 · Cited by 6
Does the weather influence sentencing? Empirical evidence from Czech data
Drápal, J., & Pina-Sánchez, J. (2018) · International journal of law, crime and justice · doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2018.09.004 · Cited by 6
Holmes, B. (2019) · Criminal Justice Studies · doi:10.1080/1478601x.2019.1691001 · Cited by 6
Crow, M. S., & Goulette, N. (2021) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-021-09648-3 · Cited by 7
Albonetti, C. A. (2017) · Sociology of crime, law and deviance · doi:10.1108/s1521-613620170000022009 · Cited by 5
Sentencing Add-Ons and Implications for Disparities in a Guidelines State
Strange, C. C., Cochran, J. C., WOOLDREDGE, J. D., & Feldmeyer, B. (2021) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287211047539 · Cited by 5
Exploring the Canadian Judiciary’s Experiences with and Perceptions of Gladue
Dickson, J., & Smith, K. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice/La Revue canadienne de criminologie et de justice pénale · doi:10.3138/cjccj.2021-0031 · Cited by 6
Jaynes, C. M., Lee, J. G., & Franks, H. N. (2022) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00224278221135544 · Cited by 5
And Justice for All? Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Federal Drug Courts in California and the US
Chen, E. Y., & Nomura, K. (2015) · California Journal of Politics and Policy · doi:10.5070/p2cjpp7227275 · Cited by 5
Okafor, P. A. W. (2023) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2023.2292505 · Cited by 4
Hong, S., & Rodriguez, D. (2024) · Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1080/0735648x.2024.2307017 · Cited by 4
Indigent Injustice: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of People’s Criminal Legal Outcomes
Clarke, S. E. D., Zottola, S. A., McKinsey, E., Kurtz, B., Shao, T. T., Morrissey, B., & Desmarais, S. L. (2024) · Critical Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10612-024-09768-2 · Cited by 4
The effect of offender race/ethnicity on public opinion of appropriate criminal sentences
Forney, M. A., & Lacy, J. W. (2022) · Legal and Criminological Psychology · doi:10.1111/lcrp.12210 · Cited by 3
Jeffries, S., & Bond, C. E. W. (2011) · Griffith Research Online · Cited by 3
Examining American Indian Disadvantage: Social Context and Federal Sentencing Decisions
Redner-Vera, E. N. (2024) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287241295698 · Cited by 2
Sentencing disparities in Arkansas: A multiple year study
Miller, J. M. (2015) · Cited by 2
Discourses of ‘Dysfunction’: Sentencing Narratives and the Construction of Indigenous Offending
Jeffries, S., & Bond, C. E. W. (2011) · Griffith Research Online · Cited by 2
The Effect of Blakely v. Washington on Upward Departures in a Sentencing Guideline State
Iannacchione, B. M., & Ball, J. D. (2008) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1043986208319731 · Cited by 2
SQUEALER DEALERS: THE MARKET FOR INFORMATION IN FEDERAL DRUG TRAFFICKING PROSECUTIONS
Nutting, A. W. (2014) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/ecin.12123 · Cited by 2
Plea Discount Deviations: a Mechanism for Gender Disparities in Hong Kong
Ri, S., & Cheng, K. K. (2022) · Asian Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11417-022-09361-y · Cited by 2
Wrigley, V., & Schumacher, T. (2023) · Criminology Criminal Justice Law & Society · doi:10.54555/ccjls.8495.90808 · Cited by 2
Beck, E., Britto, S., & Andrews, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.003.0007 · Cited by 2
Race, restriction, risk and reconviction: findings from an England and Wales medium secure cohort
Brooks, E., Lawrence, D., Bagshaw, R., Hill, C., Maden, A., Davies, J., Davies, J. L., & Watt, A. A. (2025) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2025.2521628 · Cited by 1
Are sentencing disparities unavoidable? Lessons from centralized judicial training
Uhl, A., & Mamak, K. (2025) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102582 · Cited by 1
Jeffries, S., & Bond, C. E. W. (2010) · Griffith Research Online · Cited by 1
Wood, D. S. (2008) · Criminal Justice Studies · doi:10.1080/14786010801972688 · Cited by 1
Sevigny, E. L. (2006) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 1
Beck, E., Britto, S., & Andrews, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.003.0006 · Cited by 1
Understanding Restorative Justice
Beck, E., Britto, S., & Andrews, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.003.0002 · Cited by 1
Phan, D. K., Espinoza, R. K. E., & Sy, S. R. (2022) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2022.2054890 · Cited by 1
Harney, J. (2024) · Social Policy and Administration · doi:10.1111/spol.13118 · Cited by 1
Jones, G. A. (2014) · CSUSB ScholarWorks (California State University, San Bernardino) · Cited by 1
Risk, Proportionality, and Sentencing
Crow, M. S., & Lannes, P. S. (2014) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403414526230 · Cited by 1
Race, sentencing, and the pretrial process
Hart, M. (2006) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · Cited by 1
Race, Ethnicity, Crime, and Justice
Martínez, R. (2009) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780195396607-0053 · Cited by 1
Sitek, J. L. (2021) · doi:10.17760/d20412681 · Cited by 1
Nowacki, J. S. (2014) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico)
Race & Non-Racial Characteristics in Sentencing Length and Sentencing Type Disparity
Estes, D. A. (2015) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/6m57-z590
Unique Disadvantages, Unique Needs
Demleitner, N. V. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118314876.ch11
A Multimethod Analysis of Sentencing Decisions in a Pennsylvania County
Iannacchione, B. M. (2012)
The Effect of Race-Crime Typicality on Judicial Sentencing DecisionsPreprint
Aaron, B. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1133462
Gender and sentencing outcomes:does region matter?
Holland, M. M. (2010)
Hurst, D. (2016) · CSUSB ScholarWorks (California State University, San Bernardino)
Webster, C. M., & Doob, A. N. (2008)
Attitudes Toward the Way Courts Deal with Criminals
van Aken, C. (2014) · Themis Research Journal of Justice Studies and Forensic Science · doi:10.31979/themis.2014.0211
Beck, E., Britto, S., & Andrews, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.003.0009
Why Do Offenders’ Families Matter?
Beck, E., Britto, S., & Andrews, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.003.0001
Beck, E., Britto, S., & Andrews, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.003.0012
“You Didn’t Punish Him, You Punished Me”
Beck, E., Britto, S., & Andrews, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.003.0005
Beck, E., Britto, S., & Andrews, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.003.0004
Beck, E., Britto, S., & Andrews, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.003.0008
Beck, E., Britto, S., & Andrews, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.003.0003
Predicting Solitary Confinement
Roby, B. Y. (2015) · Digital Commons - George Fox University (George Fox University)
Carver-Dickens, K. (2019) · TopSCHOLAR (Western Kentucky University)
Legal and Extra-Legal Factors on the Length of Sentence for Methamphetamine Offenders in S. Korea
Lee, M., & 박미랑 (2010) · Korean Journal Of Criminology · doi:10.36999/kjc.2010.22.2.209
Is Justice Blind? An Examination of Disparities in Homicide Sentencing in Colombia, 1980-2000Preprint
Martínez, M., Sánchez, T. F., & Kosiewicz, H. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1478170
Mills, M. N., & Vito, A. G. (2021) · Corrections · doi:10.1080/23774657.2021.1878070
The Five Rs of Prison Reform With Ethnoracially Diverse Offenders
Mueller, J., Johnson, R., & Gresham, V. J. (2021) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch007
Examining the Treatment of American Indian Defendants in United States Federal Courts
Redner-Vera, E. N. (2019)
The Broken Speedometer Phenomenon: Consequence Avoidance and Arbitrary Outcomes
McAdon, S. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/fs7j-zx54
Aaby, M., & Labrecque, R. M. (2019) · Corrections · doi:10.1080/23774657.2019.1670120
Beck, E., Britto, S., & Andrews, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.003.0010
Beck, E., Britto, S., & Andrews, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.003.0011
(2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.002.0003
(2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.002.0008
Methods for Gathering Information about Offenders’ Families
(2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.005.0001
(2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.002.0005
Process of a Death Penalty Trial
(2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.005.0002
Crow, M. S., & Goulette, N. W. (2024) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287241231748
Are Judges Influenced by Dollar Amounts? Evidence from Tax LawPreprint
Farrar, J. M., Farrar, T. J., & Mehmi, H. S. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4783831
Immigration generations and perceptions of American courts: Unpacking complex generational effects
Li, L., & Wu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/26338076241310894
Tobia, K. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009170901.012
Bregant, J. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009170901.024
Concannon, C., & Na, C. (2025) · Journal of Policy Studies · doi:10.52372/jps.e677
Temporal analyses of American Indian disadvantage
Redner-Vera, E. N. (2025) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102520
Koo, D., Holmes, B., & Feldmeyer, B. (2026) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102724
Racial disparities in stays of imposition under the Minnesota sentencing guidelines
Lehmann, P. S., & Sarmiento, S. G.-G. (2026) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102754
Metadata
- Authors
- Everett, R. S., & Wojtkiewicz, R. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Justice (US)
- Ball State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wojtkiewicz, Roger A.
- Venue
- Journal of Quantitative Criminology
- Published
- 2002-06
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 189-211
- ISSN
- 0748-4518 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7799
- OpenAlex
- W11221521
- Cited by
- 187
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Quantitative Criminology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Education › Education Discipline and Inequality
- Keywords
- federal sentencing, sentencing guidelines, racial disparities, ethnic disparities, racial bias, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, attribution theory, uncertainty avoidance, conflict theory, criminal justice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review