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Worry: A Cognitive Phenomenon Intimately Linked to Affective, Physiological, and Interpersonal Behavioral Processes
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“Repetitive negative thinking (RNT), which includes worry and rumination, is both a risk factor for and a common symptom of anxiety and depression15–17”
From An exploration into the relationship between insomnia and repetitive negative thinking among cancer survivors. (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Im zweiten, wichtigeren Prozess werden Sorgen bewusst oder automatisch eingesetzt, um den mit intensiven Emotionen verbundenen, körperlich erlebten Stress zu reduzieren [Borkovec et al., 1998;Mennin et al., 2002].”
From Wann sind Sorgen pathologisch? (2009) · cites this paper as Borkovec et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Eine «abergläubische» Variante, bei der Patienten meinen, die Auftretenswahrscheinlichkeit eines befürchteten Ereignisses zu senken, wenn sie sich vorher darüber «Gedanken» gemacht haben.Sie fühlen sich dadurch besser vorbereitet.Dies vermittelt ein Gefühl von Sicherheit und Kontrolle.”
From Wann sind Sorgen pathologisch? (2009) · cites this paper as Borkovec et al., 1998
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“From a theoretical standpoint, reinforcement learning mechanisms have been suggested to drive anxiety disorders [14,15].”
From Clinical Efficacy and Psychological Mechanisms of an App-Based Digital Therapeutic for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Imagery-based RNT was prevalent, at odds with models arguing RNT is a verbal-based strategy to avoid distressing intrusive images (Borkovec et al., 1998), but in line with recent empirical data demonstrating comparable effects on affect between both modalities of RNT (Lawrence & Schwartz-Mette, 2019).”
From Understanding Autistic Adults' Psychological Experiences of Anxiety Problems: A Qualitative Interview Study. (2026) · cites this paper as Borkovec et al., 1998
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In the citing paper
“Worry can serve an experiential avoidance function (Borkovec, 1994; Borkovec, Ray, & Stober, 1998) insofar as engaging in worry reduces anxious arousal related to feared potential outcomes; thus, worry is at least partially maintained through negative reinforcement.”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders (2013) · cites this paper as Borkovec, Ray, & Stober, 1998
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Insbesondere Borkovec [Borkovec et al., 1998;Sibrava und Borkovec, 2006] hat in seinen Arbeiten darauf hingewiesen, dass den Sorgen selbst, als vorwiegend verbal-abstrakter Aktivität, eine (emotions-)vermeidende Funktion zukommt.”
From Wann sind Sorgen pathologisch? (2009) · cites this paper as Borkovec et al., 1998
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Zwei Varianten der Vermeidung spielen eine Rolle [Borkovec et al., 1998]:”
From Wann sind Sorgen pathologisch? (2009) · cites this paper as Borkovec et al., 1998
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As described by Borkovec et al [14,15], when worry becomes habitual, its negative reinforcement pathway can spiral out of control;”
From Clinical Efficacy and Psychological Mechanisms of an App-Based Digital Therapeutic for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“For example, verbalizing a fearful situation can induce less cardiovascular response than visually imagining the same situation, possibly because verbalizations are used as a strategy for abstraction and disengagement (Borkovec et al., 1998; but also see Newman & Llera, 2011, and Newman, Llera, Erickson, Przeworski, & Castonguay, 2013, who did not find support for this).”
From Toward a Cognitive-Behavioral Classification System for Mental Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Borkovec et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“It has been shown that both worrying and rumination become negatively reinforced by the reduction in aversive emotions (Borkovec et al., 1998; Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008).”
From Toward a Cognitive-Behavioral Classification System for Mental Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Borkovec et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“rumination and pessimism likely represent the cognitive components of avoidance and hypervigilance (Borkovec, Ray, & Stober, 1998; Stapinski, Abbott, & Rapee, 2010)”
From A transdiagnostic minority stress treatment approach for gay and bisexual men's syndemic health conditions (2015) · cites this paper as Borkovec et al., 1998
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- Deffenbacher, J. L. (1980). Worry and emotionality in test anxiety. In I. G. Sarason (Ed.), Test anxiety: Theory, research and application. Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1996). Chewing the cud and other ruminations. In R. S. Wyer (Ed.), Advances in social cognition(pp. 135–144). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Borkovec, T. D., Ray, W. J., & Stober, J.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- ORCID
- Ray, William J.
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 1998-12
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 561-576
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- OpenAlex
- W1618820470
- Cited by
- 802
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 11.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- worry, cognitive avoidance, anxiety, depressive affect, caregiver attachment, interpersonal problems, physiological arousal
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