The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Using Propensity Scores to Help Design Observational Studies: Application to the Tobacco Litigation
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Nearly all analyses show Rubin's B<25%, Rubin's R of 0.5–2, and a percentage bias of <10% for each covariate (Fig. 1) (Morgan, 2018; Rubin, 2001).”
From Longitudinal associations between reading for pleasure and child maladjustment: Results from a propensity score matching analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Rubin, 2001
In the citing paper
“We used directed acyclic graphs to identify factors that could be associated with both reading for pleasure and children's strengths and difficulties, or with children's strengths and difficulties only based on previous empirical research (Brookhart et al., 2006; Caliendo and Kopeinig, 2008; Rubin, 2001; Sauer and VanderWeele, 2013).”
From Longitudinal associations between reading for pleasure and child maladjustment: Results from a propensity score matching analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Rubin, 2001
In the citing paper
“Secondly, this process of variable selection can be based on previous research [59].”
Citations
Cites
The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects
ROSENBAUM, P. R., & RUBIN, D. B. (1983) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/70.1.41 · Cited by 31,241
Self-citationRosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1985) · The American Statistician · doi:10.2307/2683903 · Cited by 6,472
Self-citation(1976) · Annals of Economic and Social Measurement · Cited by 5,035
A generalization of sampling without replacement from a finite universe
Horvitz, D. G., & Thompson, D. J. (1952) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1952.10483446 · Cited by 4,293
Reducing Bias in Observational Studies Using Subclassification on the Propensity Score
Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1984) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1984.10478078 · Cited by 3,082
Self-citationA Generalization of Sampling Without Replacement From a Finite Universe
Horvitz, D. G., & Thompson, D. J. (1952) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2280784 · Cited by 3,011
Causal effects in nonexperimental studies: Reevaluating the evaluation of training programs
Dehejia, R. H., & Wahba, S. (1999) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1999.10473858 · Cited by 2,395
Card, D., & Krueger, A. B. (2000) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.90.5.1397 · Cited by 2,228
Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania
Card, D., & Krueger, A. B. (1993) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w4509 · Cited by 2,072
The role of the propensity score in estimating dose-response functions
Imbens, G. W. (2000) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/87.3.706 · Cited by 1,779
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- AHCPR, “National medical expenditure survey, calendar year 1987,” Center for General Health Services Research, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service: Rockville,MD, 1992.
- D. J. Benjamin, “Does 401(k) eligibility increase net national savings?: reducing bias in the eligibility effect estimate,” A. B. Honors Thesis in Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 1999.
- GAO (U.S. General Accounting Office), “Breast conservation versus mastectomy: patient survival in day-to-day medical practice and randomized studies,” Report #GAO-PEMD-95-9, U.S. General Accounting Office: Washington, D.C., 1995.
- G. W. Harrison, ‘Expert Report, April 27, 1998: “Health care expenditures attributable to smoking in Oklahoma,”’ The State of Oklahoma, ex rel., et al., Plaintiffs, vs. Reynolds Tobacco Co., et al., Defendants, Case No. CJ-96-1499-L, District Court of Cleveland County, Oklahoma, 1998.
- J. Hill, D. B. Rubin and N. Thomas, “The design of the New York school choice scholarship program evaluation,” in Research Designs: Inspired by the Work of Donald Campbell, (L. Bickman, ed.), Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 155-180, 1999.
- L. Roseman, “Reducing bias in the estimate of the difference in survival in observational studies using subclassification on the propensity score,” Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 1998.
- P. R. Rosenbaum and D. B. Rubin, “Constructing a control group using multivariate matched sampling incorporating the propensity score,” The American Statistician, 39, pp. 33-38, 1985. · DOI
- D. B. Rubin, “The use of matched sampling and regression adjustment in observational studies,” Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Statistics, Harvard University: Cambridge, MA, 1970.
- D. B. Rubin, “William, G. Cochran's contributions to the design, analysis, and evaluation of observational studies,” in W. G. Cochran's Impact on Statistics ( Rao and Sedransk, eds.), John Wiley, New York, pp. 37-69, 1984.
- D. B. Rubin, “Statistical assumptions in the estimation of the causal effects of smoking due to the conduct of the tobacco industry,” in Social Science Methodology in the New Millennium. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Logic and Methodology (J. Blasius, J. Hox, E. de Leeuw and P. Schmidt, eds.), October 6, 2000, Cologne, Germany, 1-22, 2000b.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,001
Pitt, B., Zannad, F. M., Gheorghiade, M., Martínez, F. A., Love, T. E., Daniel, C., & Ahmed, A. (2009) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.03.036 · Cited by 22
“Because of the significant imbalances in baseline characteristics between patients from North America and Europe, we assembled a propensity-matched population in which patients recruited from North America and Europe would be well balanced [5,6].”
BackgroundDifferential Access to Capital from Financial Institutions by Minority Entrepreneurs
Palia, D. N. (2016) · Journal of Empirical Legal Studies · doi:10.1111/jels.12132 · Cited by 27
Sawinski, D. L., Forde, K. A., Locke, J. E., Cohen, J. B., Weldon, J., Justine Shults, A., & Reese, P. P. (2017) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2017.08.015 · Cited by 23
Ainembabazi, J. H., Abdoulaye, T., Feleke, S., Alene, A. D., Nguezet, P. M. D., Ndayisaba, P. C., Hicintuka, C., Mapatano, S., & Manyong, V. M. (2018) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.03.013 · Cited by 22
Applied Social Science Methodology: An Introductory Guide
Gerring, J., & Christenson, D. P. (2017) · Cited by 21
Donkor, E., & Owusu, V. (2019) · Land · doi:10.3390/land8040059 · Cited by 22
Universal Free Meals Associated with Lower Meal Costs While Maintaining Nutritional Quality
Long, M. W., Marple, K., & Andreyeva, T. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020670 · Cited by 22
“25 for the weighted standard mean difference between treatment and control covariates and a variance ratio of >2 to determine whether the propensity score model achieved balance [24].”
BackgroundA History of Causal Analysis in the Social Sciences
Barringer, S. N., Eliason, S. R., & Leahey, E. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6094-3_2 · Cited by 22
Kang, J., & Schafer, J. L. (2007) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/07-sts227rej · Cited by 22
“The pitfalls of relying solely on outcome regression or ymodeling have been well documented for causal inference, where the rates of missing information are high and the impact of selection bias can be dramatic (e.g., Rubin, 2001).”
Noh, I. J., Gray, J., Ball, G. P., Wright, Z., & Parks, H. (2025) · Production and Operations Management · doi:10.1177/10591478251319691 · Cited by 22
“This exact matching achieves perfect balance on the three matched dimensions (i.e., API, DF, and RA) and reduces the overall imbalance, as measured by mean standardized difference (Flury and Riedwyl, 1986; Rosenbaum and Rubin, 1985; Rubin, 2001), from 19.9 before matching to 13.5 after matching.”
InfluentialSharp, S. P., Ata, A., Valerian, B. T., Canete, J. J., Chismark, A. D., & Lee, E. C. (2016) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.08.013 · Cited by 21
Government assistance and total factor productivity: firm-level evidence from China
HARRIS, R. I. D., & Li, S. (2019) · Journal of Productivity Analysis · doi:10.1007/s11123-019-00559-4 · Cited by 21
“Rubin (2001) recommends that B be less than 25 and that R be between 0.5 and 2 for the samples to be considered sufficiently balanced are less than 10 percentage points different when the ‘full’ data and ‘matched’ data results are compared.”
BackgroundInfluentialLi, H., & Meng, T. (2020) · Journal of Chinese Political Science · doi:10.1007/s11366-020-09672-w · Cited by 23
Positive Airway Pressure Therapy Adherence with Mask Resupply: A Propensity-Matched Analysis
Benjafield, A., Oldstone, L., Willes, L., Kelly, C., Nuñez, C. M., Malhotra, A., & on behalf of the medXcloud Group (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10040720 · Cited by 24
“Therefore, all three of Rubin’s conditions were met in the matched pairs analy is population.”
MethodInfluentialMorais, F., Serrasqueiro, Z., & Ramalho, J. J. S. (2021) · BRQ Business Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/23409444211024653 · Cited by 21
“Rubin (2001) B statistic is an indicator of whether those differences are relevant ( B > 25) or not ( B 25), being calculated as the absolute standardized difference of the means of the linear index of the propensity score in the control and treatment groups.”
InfluentialLeas, E., Benmarhnia, T., Strong, D., & Pierce, J. (2021) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056596 · Cited by 14
Kebede, D., Tesfay, G., & Emana, B. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08557 · Cited by 21
“Existing sources indicate, for each covariate, the balance between the comparison groups is best when the difference in mean standard error between the treated and control group is close to zero, and variance ratio is close to one (Rubin, 2001).”
BackgroundDivestment of relational assets following acquisitions: Evidence from the biopharmaceutical industry
Tandon, V., Asgari, N., & Ranganathan, R. (2022) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.3456 · Cited by 21
Rogers, J. G., Gong, X., Byars‐Winston, A. M., McDaniels, M., Thayer-Hart, N., Cheng, P., Diggs‐Andrews, K. A., Martínez-Hernández, K. J., & Pfund, C. (2022) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.21-12-0332 · Cited by 21
“The dashed lines represent Rubin’s benchmark: 1) standard differences in means less than 0.25; and 2) the variance ratios between 0.5 and 2 (Rubin, 2001; Stuart and Rubin, 2008 in their mentoring practices than well-represented groups ( β = − 0.014, p = 0.002).”
InfluentialNeubauer, F., Songsermsawas, T., Kamiche, J. N., & Bravo‐Ureta, B. E. (2022) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2022.102364 · Cited by 21
Comparison of segmental lordosis gain of prone transpsoas (PTP) vs. lateral lumbar interbody fusion
Amaral, R., Moriguchi, R., Pokorny, G. H. D. O., Arnoni, D. G., Barreira, I., Marcelino, F., Pokorny, J., & Pimenta, L. (2023) · Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00402-023-04821-1 · Cited by 21
González-Colom, R., Carot-Sans, G., Vela, E., Espallargues, M., Hernández, C., Jiménez, F. X., Nicolás, D., Suárez, M., Torné, E., Villegas-Bruguera, E., et al. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-10603-1 · Cited by 19
“Comparability after PSM was considered acceptable if Rubin’s B was less than 0.25 and Rubin’s R was between 0.5 and 2 [28].”
MethodInfluentialChu, R., Mills, E. J., Beyene, J., Pullenayegum, E., Bakanda, C., Nachega, J. B., Devereaux, P. J., & Thabane, L. (2013) · AIDS Research and Therapy · doi:10.1186/1742-6405-10-19 · Cited by 21
Prakash, R., Manthri, S., Tayyaba, S., Joy, A., Raj, S. S., Singh, D., & Agarwal, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150347 · Cited by 21
Quasi‐Experimental Evidence on the Effects of Health Information on Preventive Behaviour in Europe
Carrieri, V., & Wübker, A. (2016) · Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1111/obes.12134 · Cited by 21
Der Zusammenhang von Schulleitungshandeln, Unterrichtsgestaltung und Lernerfolg
Pietsch, M., Lücken, M., Thonke, F., Klitsche, S., & Musekamp, F. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-016-0692-4 · Cited by 23
Wucherpfennig, F., Rubel, J. A., Hollon, S. D., & Lutz, W. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.11.003 · Cited by 26
Reese, H. E., Routray, P., Torondel, B., Sclar, G. D., Delea, M. G., Sinharoy, S. S., Zambrano, L. D., Caruso, B. A., Mishra, S. R., Chang, H. H., et al. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012719 · Cited by 21
Patient and Kidney Allograft Survival in Recipients With End-Stage Renal Disease From Amyloidosis
Sawinski, D. L., Lim, M. A., Cohen, J. B., Locke, J. E., Weiss, B. M., Hogan, J. J., & Dember, L. M. (2017) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0000000000001930 · Cited by 21
Restuccia, M., & Legoux, R. (2018) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2018.08.012 · Cited by 21
Clinical Profiles of Concurrent Cannabis Use in Chronic Pain: A CHOIR Study
Sturgeon, J. A., Khan, J. S., Hah, J. M., Hilmoe, H. E., Hong, J. S., Ware, M. A., & Mackey, S. (2020) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa060 · Cited by 22
“25, a frequently used criterion for adequacy of covariate balancing) [30,31].”
BackgroundAllowing early access to retirement savings: Lessons from Australia
Wang-Ly, N., & Newell, B. R. (2022) · Economic Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.eap.2022.07.002 · Cited by 23
“We labelled covariates as balanced where the ASMD was below 0.1 and the variance ratio was between 0.5 and 2 (Austin, 2009; Rubin, 2001).”
MethodInfluentialCombining machine learning and matching techniques to improve causal inference in program evaluation
Linden, A., & Yarnold, P. R. (2016) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.12592 · Cited by 21
“This approach serves to emulate an experimental study by decoupling the design phase (matching on pre-intervention characteristics without consideration of the outcome as would be the case in a prospective study) from the analysis [22].”
MethodFilippatos, G. S., Adamopoulos, C., Sui, X., Love, T. E., Pullicino, P. M., Lubsen, J. C., Bakris, G. L., Anker, S. D., Howard, G., Kremastinos, D. T., et al. (2008) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.071 · Cited by 21
Quantitative Easing, Investment, and Safe Assets: The Corporate-Bond Lending ChannelPreprint
Giambona, E., da Matta, R. A., Peydró, J.-L., & Wang, Y. (n.d.) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 21
Causal inference in the absence of positivity: The role of overlap weights
Matsouaka, R., & Zhou, Y. (2024) · Biometrical Journal · doi:10.1002/bimj.202300156 · Cited by 21
Asfaw, A., & Boden, L. I. (2020) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2020-106535 · Cited by 20
The impact of electrification on labour market outcomes in Nigeria
Tagliapietra, S., Occhiali, G., Nano, E., & Kalcik, R. (2020) · Economia Politica · doi:10.1007/s40888-020-00189-2 · Cited by 20
“…matching—and a fairly noticeable one in the case of the third wealth quintile—their Rubin’s ratio of the variance of residuals, reported in the last column, is still within the acceptable boundaries (above 0.8 and below 1.25) to conclude that such imbalance is not cause of concern (Rubin 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialKhan, N. A., Gong, Z., Shah, A. A., Abid, M., & Khanal, U. (2021) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-021-01978-w · Cited by 20
“Finally, the evaluation of propensity scores is done to check the accuracy of the estimates (Caliendo & Kopeinig, 2008; Rubin, 2001).”
Blanc, G. L., Jabbour, E. J., Patel, S., Kazantseva, O., Zeid, M., Olivier, F., Shalish, W., & Beltempo, M. (2022) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.06.012 · Cited by 21
Regulatory and HTA Considerations for Development of Real‐World Data Derived External Controls
Curtis, L. H., Solà-Morales, O., Heidt, J., Saunders‐Hastings, P., Walsh, L., Casso, D., Oliveria, S. A., Mercado, T., Zusterzeel, R., Sobel, R. E., et al. (2023) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.2913 · Cited by 20
“1,(59) calculated as the absolute value in the difference in means of a covariate across the treatment groups, divided by the standard deviation in the treated group.(72) Larger standardized biases indicate that groups are too different from one another for reliable comparison.”
BackgroundExperience with Non-GAAP Earnings and Investors’ Pricing of Exclusions
McVay, S. E., Rodriguez-Vazquez, E., & Toynbee, S. (2023) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/tar-2021-0645 · Cited by 20
Oh, M. W., Mohapatra, S. G., Pak, T. J., Hermawan, A., Chen, C.-A., Thota, B., Chen, J., Siu, E., Park, J. J., & Moon, T. S. (2024) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000006807 · Cited by 20
“24 For the sample size of the dataset, the cutoff for determining imbalance was 0.56.”
BackgroundInfluentialUscher‐Pines, L., Vernick, J. S., Curriero, F. C., Lieberman, R., & Burke, T. A. (2009) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0b013e31817f2853 · Cited by 20
Tandon, S. D., Latimore, A. D., Clay, E. A., Mitchell, L., Tucker, M. G., & Sonenstein, F. L. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2022 · Cited by 20
Making Valid Causal Inferences About Corrective Actions by Parents From Longitudinal Data
Larzelere, R., & Cox, R. B. (2013) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12020 · Cited by 23
Vandecandelaere, M., Vansteelandt, S., Fraine, B. D., & Damme, J. V. (2016) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2016.1155146 · Cited by 26
“(2) Regression adjustment is appropriate in simple settings (see, e.g., Rubin, 2001).”
BackgroundStuart, B. L., Grebel, L. E., Butler, C., Hood, K., Verheij, T. J., & Little, P. S. (2017) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp17x692153 · Cited by 20
“11 .”
Hu, X., & Ortagus, J. C. (2019) · Community College Review · doi:10.1177/0091552119850321 · Cited by 21
“We used a covariate balancing approach that utilized the standardized mean difference and variance ratio for each subsample (Rubin, 2001; Shadish, Clark, & Steiner, 2008).”
MethodRisk of Thiazide‐Induced Metabolic Adverse Events in Older Adults
Makam, A. N., Boscardin, W. J., Miao, Y., & Steinman, M. A. (2014) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12839 · Cited by 20
“Thiazide users were then matched to nonusers with the closest propensity score using 1:1 nearest-neighbor matching.(26) Common support graphing and covariate imbalance 1040 MAKAM ET AL.”
MethodA New Non-Parametric Matching Method for Bias Adjustment with Applications to Economic EvaluationsPreprint
Sekhon, J. S., & Grieve, R. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1138926 · Cited by 20
“, 2007; Mitra and Indurkyha, 2005; Polsky and Basu, 2006), other fields in economics (Abadie and Imbens, 2006; Dehejia and Wahba 1999, 2002; Galiani, Gertler, and Schargrodsky, 2005), political science (Bowers and Hansen 2005; Herron and Wand, forthcoming; Imai, 2005; Sekhon, 2004), sociology (Diprete and Engelhardt,…”
The Impact of a Home Visiting Program on Children’s Utilization of Dental Services
Brickhouse, T. H., Haldiman, R. R., & Evani, B. (2013) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1021n · Cited by 19
Rocks, S., Fazel, M. S., & Tsiachristas, A. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034067 · Cited by 19
Can integrated care improve the efficiency of hospitals? Research based on 200 Hospitals in China
Peng, Z., Zhu, L., Wan, G., & Coyte, P. C. (2021) · Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation · doi:10.1186/s12962-021-00314-3 · Cited by 19
Chen, I., & Kuan, P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031222 · Cited by 21
“Rubin (2001) suggests that the range of difference should be between 0.5 and 2.0.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBoukovalas, S., Liu, J., Asaad, M., Schaverien, M. V., Akay, C. L., Garvey, P. B., Hwang, R. F., & Offodile, A. C. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2021.05.008 · Cited by 19
Zhao, Q., Jia, Q., & Chi, T. (2022) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-022-02427-2 · Cited by 19
“1 for a given covariate indicate a relatively small imbalance [26].”
BackgroundPeat, G., Yu, D., Grønne, D. T., Marshall, M. B., Skou, S. T., & Roos, E. M. (2022) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.24987 · Cited by 19
“that “the lack of availability of outcome data when designing experiments is a tremendous stimulus for honesty” (42).”
BackgroundTakeover Vulnerability and Pre-Emptive Earnings Management
Tunyi, A. A., Yang, J., Agyei‐Boapeah, H., & Machokoto, M. (2022) · European Accounting Review · doi:10.1080/09638180.2022.2116064 · Cited by 19
“Finally, we find that Rubin’s B and Rubin’s R for our sample are 7.7 and 0.9, respectively, well in line with recommended thresholds (Rubin, 2001).”
InfluentialWildman, J., & Wildman, J. M. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115598 · Cited by 19
Do public pension programmes reduce elderly poverty in China?
Zhang, A., & Imai, K. S. (2023) · Review of Development Economics · doi:10.1111/rode.13016 · Cited by 25
Firm-level pollution and membership of emission trading schemes
Adamolekun, G., Adedoyin, F. F., & Siganos, A. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119970 · Cited by 19
Learning by Exporting: The Case of Mozambican Manufacturing
Cruz, A. S., Newman, C., Rand, J., & Tarp, F. (2016) · Journal of African Economies · doi:10.1093/jae/ejw019 · Cited by 19
“The LBE literature is relatively developed and several survey papers have already summarised existing results (most recently Wagner, 2012). In the following, we focus on LBE findings related to Sub-Saharan Africa. Martins and Yang (2009) put forward a meta-analysis of 33 studies that address the LBE hypothesis includi…”
BackgroundVaughan, A. L., Lalonde, T. L., & Jenkins‐Guarnieri, M. A. (2014) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s11162-014-9329-8 · Cited by 19
“The residual error variances were calculated using an adjustment of the approach outlined by Rubin (2001), applying logistic regression in place of linear regression for binary covariates.”
MethodInfluentialNagengast, B., Marsh, H. W., & Hau, K. (2013) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-013-0261-8 · Cited by 20
“The predicted propensity scores were linearized by a logit-transformation (Rosenbaum and Rubin 1985; Rubin 2001; Rubin and Thomas 1996; Stuart 2010).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAhmed, M. I., Lainščak, M., Mujib, M. U., Love, T. E., Aban, I., Piña, I. L., Aronow, W. S., Bittner, V., & Ahmed, A. (2009) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.10.019 · Cited by 19
Use of aprotinin in cardiac surgery: effectiveness and safety in a population-based study☆
Jakobsen, C.-J., Søndergaard, F. L., Hjortdal, V. E., & Johnsen, S. P. (2009) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.05.040 · Cited by 19
“In order to overcome bias due to confounding, we matched the patients receiving AP to the patients receiving TA in a 1:1 ratio using propensity score matching [14].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTumlinson, S. E., Sass, D. A., & Cano, S. M. (2014) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jst143 · Cited by 19
Gao, X., Ma, K.-L., Wang, H., Gao, Q., Lei, L., & Wang, T. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45329-2 · Cited by 19
Yoshida, K., Kajiyama, H., Yoshihara, M., Tamauchi, S., Ikeda, Y., Yoshikawa, N., Nishino, K., Niimi, K., Suzuki, S., & Kikkawa, F. (2019) · International Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s10147-019-01551-6 · Cited by 19
Bassi, G. L., GIBBONS, K. S., Suen, J. Y., Dalton, H. J., White, N. M., Corley, A., Shrapnel, S., Hinton, S. R., Forsyth, S. J., Laffey, J. G., et al. (2022) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-022-03983-5 · Cited by 19
“Rubins B [25] (a summation measure of bias with value < 25% indicating adequate balance) and Rubins R (0.”
Kohrt, B. A., Burkey, M. D., Stuart, E. A., & Koirala, S. (2015) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2015.13 · Cited by 19
“1 and Table 1) were used to assess covariate balance, with standardized mean di ff erences below 0.25 indicating good balance (Rubin, 2001; Stuart, 2010).”
MethodInfluentialDoidge, J. (2016) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280216628902 · Cited by 19
Matching algorithms for causal inference with multiple treatments
Scotina, A. D., & Gutman, R. (2019) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.8147 · Cited by 20
“Using the transformed GPS is preferred to a distance measure with the untransformed r(w,Xi) because matching on the logit transformation has been shown to produce lower bias in matched samples [8, 31, 32].”
MethodDoes studying abroad enhance employability?
Liwiński, J. (2018) · Economics of Transition and Institutional Change · doi:10.1111/ecot.12203 · Cited by 19
Does Corruption Erode Trust in Government? Evidence from a Recent Surge of Local Scandals in SpainPreprint
Solé‐Ollé, A., & Sorribas‐Navarro, P. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2471064 · Cited by 19
“However, the inability of regression analysis to adjust for differences in observed covariates is well documented when the between-group differences in these covariates are substantial (e.g., Cochran, 1965; Rubin, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHenry, G. T. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119171386.ch6 · Cited by 20
Addressing immortal time bias in precision medicine: Practical guidance and methods development
Weymann, D., Krebs, E., & Regier, D. A. (2024) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.14376 · Cited by 20
Maternal and neonatal outcomes from a comparison of spontaneous and directed pushing in second stage
Lee, N., Gao, Y., Lotz, L., & Kildea, S. V. (2018) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2018.10.005 · Cited by 18
Kim, H. (2019) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20309 · Cited by 18
Effect of switching from natalizumab to moderate- vs high-efficacy DMT in clinical practice
Hersh, C. M., Harris, H., Conway, D. S., & Hua, L. H. (2020) · Neurology Clinical Practice · doi:10.1212/cpj.0000000000000809 · Cited by 18
“Furthermore, the absolute value of the standardized difference of the linear PS comparing Mod DMT with HET was 91.2%, which was considerably greater than the 50% standard previously recommended by Rubin.36 Therefore, we determined that PS adjustment was warranted to account for indication bias before making conclusion…”
BackgroundInfluentialMeasuring the Economic Impact of a Voluntary Sustainable Tourism Certification
Bilbao‐Terol, A., & Bilbao‐Terol, C. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12135465 · Cited by 23
Chen, Y., & Yang, X. (2021) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3411763.3451644 · Cited by 18
“1, which meant the treatment group and control group were well balanced [30].”
BackgroundAdane, A., & Bewket, W. (2021) · International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management · doi:10.1108/ijccsm-01-2021-0002 · Cited by 18
Islam, M. K., Ruths, S., Jansen, K., Falck, R., Mölken, M. R., & Askildsen, J. E. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06805-6 · Cited by 19
“the mean/median of the ratios of the difference of the sample means in the HCPC and usual care groups over the square root of the average of the variances in both groups); second, Rubin’s B, defined as the standardized difference of the means of the linear index of the propensity score in HCPC and usual care group, an…”
MethodApixaban vs. Warfarin in Atrial Fibrillation Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Fu, C.-M., Li, L., Lee, Y., Wang, S., & Hsu, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.752468 · Cited by 21
Moens, A., Alsoud, D., Verstockt, B., Sabino, J., Ferrante, M., & Vermeire, S. (2022) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0000000000002411 · Cited by 18
Tax incentives and earnings management: A study based on accelerated depreciation policy in China
Wang, J., Fan, W., & Wang, Z. (2023) · Economic Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.eap.2023.11.036 · Cited by 18
Chlorogiannis, D., Kratiras, Z., Efthymiou, E., Moulavasilis, N., Kelekis, N., Chrisofos, M., STRAVODIMOS, K. G., & Filippiadis, D. K. (2024) · CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00270-024-03695-z · Cited by 18
“A VR close to 1.0 indicates a balance in the covariate, whereas a VR \ 0.5 or [ 2.0 is considered ‘‘too extreme’’ as reported by Rubin et al. [15].”
InfluentialFliegel, P. (2025) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2025.108456 · Cited by 18
Nielsen, D. V., Hjortdal, V. E., Larsson, H. J., Johnsen, S. P., & Jakobsen, C.-J. (2011) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.03.019 · Cited by 18
Sim, D. S., Jeong, M. H., Ahn, Y., Kim, Y. J., Chae, S. C., Hong, T. J., Seong, I. W., Chae, J. K., Kim, C. J., Cho, M., et al. (2012) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.06.028 · Cited by 18
Evaluation of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Federally Qualified Health Centers
Riehman, K. S., Stephens, R. L., Henry-Tanner, J., & Brooks, D. D. (2017) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.10.007 · Cited by 18
Lam, P. H., Bhyan, P., Arundel, C., Dooley, D. J., Sheriff, H. M., Mohammed, S. F., Fonarow, G. C., Morgan, C. J., Aronow, W. S., Allman, R. M., et al. (2018) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.22889 · Cited by 18
“To reduce this selection bias, we used propensity scores for the receipt of a new discharge prescription of digoxin to assemble a matched cohort in which patients receiving and not receiving digoxin would be well balanced on all measured baseline covariates.(16,17) Propensity scores for the receipt of digoxin use were…”
MethodCosta, M., Montague, B. T., Solomon, L., Sammartino, C. J., Gutman, R., Zibman, C., Rosen, D. L., & Rich, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-018-0255-5 · Cited by 18
Muller, J., Hanf, M., Flamant, C., Olivier, M., Rouger, V., Gascoin-Lachambre, G., Basset, H., Rozé, J., & Nusinovici, S. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyy240 · Cited by 20
Hirko, T., Mengistu, K., & Fekadu, B. (2018) · Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics · doi:10.5897/jdae2018.0992 · Cited by 18
Vollmer, B. L., Ontaneda, D., Harris, H., Nair, K. V., Bermel, R. A., Corboy, J. R., Fox, R. J., Vollmer, T. L., Cohen, J. A., Álvarez, E., et al. (2019) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2019.116498 · Cited by 18
Do Infants With Down Syndrome Show an Early Receptive Language Advantage?
Mason‐Apps, E., Stojanovik, V., Houston‐Price, C., Seager, E., & Buckley, S. (2020) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00157 · Cited by 18
“Rubin (2001) proposed that the standardized mean difference be close to zero (less than half a standard deviation apart; d ≤ .5).”
BackgroundImpact of government support programmes on household welfare in the Limpopo province of South Africa
Gadisi, M., Owusu‐Sekyere, E., & Ogundeji, A. A. (2020) · Development Southern Africa · doi:10.1080/0376835x.2020.1757414 · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Rubin, D. B.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rubin, Donald B.
- ORCID
- Rubin, Donald B.
- Venue
- Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology
- Published
- 2001-12
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 169-188
- ISSN
- 1387-3741 (ISSN-L)
- 1572-9400
- OpenAlex
- W2597503617
- Cited by
- 2,228
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 174 · 2025: 193 · 2024: 196 · 2023: 175 · 2022: 172 · 2021: 166 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 163 · 2018: 123 · 2017: 100 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 4.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Keywords
- propensity score, observational study design, covariate balance, matching, subclassification, weighting, diagnostic tables, treatment effect estimation, tobacco litigation, National Medical Expenditure Survey, causal inference
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
