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The Effects of Specific Respiratory Rates on Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability
Abstract
In this study respiratory rates of 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 breaths per minute were employed to investigate the effects of these rates on heart rate variability (HRV). Data were collected 16 times at each respiratory rate on 3 female volunteers, and 12 times on 2 female volunteers. Although mean heart rates did not differ among these respiratory rates, respiratory-induced trough heart rates at 4 and 6 breaths per minute were significantly lower than those at 14 breaths per minute. Slower respiratory rates usually produced higher amplitudes of HRV than did faster respiratory rates. However, the highest amplitudes were at 4 breaths per minute. HRV amplitude decreased at 3 breaths per minute. The results are interpreted as reflecting the possible effects of the slow rate of acetylcholine metabolism and the effect of negative resonance at 3 cycles per minute.
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“If this pace is slow the synchronization dependence between the two oscillators increases and becomes stronger: slow respiration produces higher HRV amplitudes (Song and Lehrer, 2003).”
From Music structure determines heart rate variability of singers (2013) · cites this paper as Song and Lehrer, 2003
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the magnitude of the effect depends on respiration frequency, with lower frequencies showing greater RSA, with a maximum at four breaths per minute (Song and Lehrer, 2003).”
From Heart Rate Variability Synchronizes When Non-experts Vocalize Together (2020) · cites this paper as Song and Lehrer, 2003
In the citing paper
“Respiration has an important effect on HRV, called respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), with instantaneous heart rate increasing during inhalation and decreasing during exhalation (Song and Lehrer, 2003; Grossman and Taylor, 2007; Sin et al., 2010).”
From Heart Rate Variability Synchronizes When Non-experts Vocalize Together (2020) · cites this paper as Song and Lehrer, 2003
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Heart rate variability biofeedback: how and why does it work?
Lehrer, P. M., & Gevirtz, R. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00756 · Cited by 883
Self-citationZaccaro, A., Piarulli, A., Laurino, M., Garbella, E., Menicucci, D., Neri, B., & Gemignani, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00353 · Cited by 820
“It is worth underlining that HRV modulation is highly dependent on the respiration frequency, increasing along with the slowing of breath (Song and Lehrer, 2003).”
BackgroundNetwork physiology reveals relations between network topology and physiological function
Bashan, A., Bartsch, R. P., Kantelhardt, J. W., Havlin, S., & Ivanov, P. C. (2012) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms1705 · Cited by 727
Validity of the Polar V800 heart rate monitor to measure RR intervals at rest
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Breath of Life: The Respiratory Vagal Stimulation Model of Contemplative Activity
Gerritsen, R. J. S., & Band, G. P. H. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00397 · Cited by 342
Metadata
- Authors
- Song, H.-S., & Lehrer, P. M.
- Corresponding author
- Lehrer, Paul M.
- ORCID
- Lehrer, Paul M.
- Venue
- Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
- Published
- 2003-03
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-23
- ISSN
- 0363-3586 (ISSN-L)
- 1090-0586
- 1573-3270
- OpenAlex
- W2138123121
- Cited by
- 292
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R1HL58805A)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Keywords
- respiratory rate, heart rate variability, heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, acetylcholine metabolism, slow-paced breathing
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Respiratory Physiological Phenomena, Baroreflex
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