Effects of paced respiration on anxiety reduction in a clinical population

Clark, Michael E.; Hirschman, Richard

doi:10.1007/bf01011109

Cited by 80Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMindfulness and Compassion InterventionsHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control

Effects of paced respiration on anxiety reduction in a clinical population

Clark, Michael E., Hirschman, Richard·1990·Biofeedback and Self-Regulation

DOI 10.1007/bf01011109

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of paced respiration on autonomic and self-report indices of affect within a clinical population. Thirty-six alcohol-dependent inpatients scoring high in trait anxiety were randomly assigned to either a pacing or attention control group. The paced subjects received 10 minutes of slow-breathing training during the first experimental session, while control subjects simply counted the pacing tones. In a second session, paced subjects were asked to breathe at the same lowered rate (10 cycles per minute) on their own, while the remaining subjects were instructed to relax. Prior to and following each session, self-ratings of tension level and state anxiety were collected. As expected, paced subjects evidenced greater reductions in self-rated tension, state anxiety, and skin conductance levels compared to the control subjects. It was concluded that respiratory pacing is an easily learned self-control strategy and potentially may be a useful therapeutic tool.

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5 min of DSB efficiently increases parasympathetic activity, as assessed by HF power, and decreases perceived anxiety level among young adults.
“Accordingly, 5 min of DSB efficiently increases parasympathetic activity, as assessed by HF power (i.e., % of HF in the total HRV power) and decreased perceived anxiety level among young adults33–35.”
From Benefits from one session of deep and slow breathing on vagal tone and anxiety in young and older adults (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Three of four effective unguided interventions included multiple sessions [39,80,106].
“Three of the four effective unguided interventions included multiple sessions [39,80,106]; and significant associations between effectiveness, intervention duration, and number of sessions suggest that breathing practices are more beneficial when performed repeatedly.”
From Breathing Practices for Stress and Anxiety Reduction: Conceptual Framework of Implementation Guidelines Based on a Systematic Review of the Published Literature (2023) · cites this paper as [80]
Of the four effective interventions lacking human-guided training, three included multiple sessions [39,80,106], and the other [79] may have incorporated unreported and unintentional human guidance due to investigator presence.
“Of the four effective interventions that lacked such training, three included multiple sessions [39,80,106], and the other [79] may have incorporated some unreported and unintentional human guidance due to the investigator’s presence during the practice.”
From Breathing Practices for Stress and Anxiety Reduction: Conceptual Framework of Implementation Guidelines Based on a Systematic Review of the Published Literature (2023) · cites this paper as [80]
Significant associations between effectiveness, intervention duration, and number of sessions suggest that breathing practices are more beneficial when performed repeatedly.
“Three of the four effective unguided interventions included multiple sessions [39,80,106]; and significant associations between effectiveness, intervention duration, and number of sessions suggest that breathing practices are more beneficial when performed repeatedly.”
From Breathing Practices for Stress and Anxiety Reduction: Conceptual Framework of Implementation Guidelines Based on a Systematic Review of the Published Literature (2023) · cites this paper as [80]
Human-guided training and long-term practice may not be necessary for exceedingly simple breathing practices, such as slightly slower-than-normal pace, which may be more accessible to breathwork-naive individuals.
“Conversely, human-guided training and long-term practice may not be necessary for exceedingly simple breathing practices, such as those at a slightly slower-than-normal pace (e.g., 10 or 8 bpm) that may be more accessible to breathwork-naive individuals [80,106].”
From Breathing Practices for Stress and Anxiety Reduction: Conceptual Framework of Implementation Guidelines Based on a Systematic Review of the Published Literature (2023) · cites this paper as [80]

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Authors: Clark, M. E., & Hirschman, R.
Affiliations: United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
Kent State University (US)
ORCID: Clark, Michael E.
Venue: Biofeedback and Self-Regulation
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1990-09
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Pages: 273-284
ISSN: 0363-3586 (ISSN-L)
1573-3270
DOI: 10.1007/bf01011109
OpenAlex: W2079846728
Cited by: 80
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 0.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Keywords: slow-paced breathing, anxiety reduction, state anxiety, trait anxiety, alcoholism, autonomic arousal, skin conductance, self-control strategies, relaxation, tension
MeSH terms: Adult, Alcoholism, Anxiety Disorders, Biofeedback, Psychology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Random Allocation, Respiration

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Effects of paced respiration on anxiety reduction in a clinical population

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