The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of creatine supplementation on performance and training adaptations
Abstract
Creatine has become a popular nutritional supplement among athletes. Recent research has also suggested that there may be a number of potential therapeutic uses of creatine. This paper reviews the available research that has examined the potential ergogenic value of creatine supplementation on exercise performance and training adaptations. Review of the literature indicates that over 500 research studies have evaluated the effects of creatine supplementation on muscle physiology and/or exercise capacity in healthy, trained, and various diseased populations. Short-term creatine supplementation (e.g. 20 g/day for 5-7 days) has typically been reported to increase total creatine content by 10-30% and phosphocreatine stores by 10-40%. Of the approximately 300 studies that have evaluated the potential ergogenic value of creatine supplementation, about 70% of these studies report statistically significant results while remaining studies generally report non-significant gains in performance. No study reports a statistically significant ergolytic effect. For example, short-term creatine supplementation has been reported to improve maximal power/strength (5-15%), work performed during sets of maximal effort muscle contractions (5-15%), single-effort sprint performance (1-5%), and work performed during repetitive sprint performance (5-15%). Moreover, creatine supplementation during training has been reported to promote significantly greater gains in strength, fat free mass, and performa…
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In the citing paper
“After creatine loading, performance of high intensity and/or repetitive exercise is generally increased by 10–20% depending on the magnitude of increase in muscle PCr”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine (2017) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“Therefore, dietary supplementation of creatine serves to increase muscle creatine and PCr by 20–40%”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine (2017) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“The only consistently reported side effect from creatine supplementation that has been described in the literature has been weight gain [5, 22, 46, 78, 91, 92, 112].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine (2017) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“Numerous studies have indicated that creatine supplementation increases body mass and/or muscle mass during training [181, 182].”
From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [182]
In the citing paper
“Body mass increases are typically one to two kilograms greater than controls during 4–12 weeks of training [182].”
From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [182]
In the citing paper
“The only clinically significant side effect occasionally reported from creatine monohydrate supplementation has been the potential for weight gain [181, 182, 187, 188].”
From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [182]
In the citing paper
“Consequently, team sports, individual activities or sports that consist of high intensity, intermittent exercise such as soccer, tennis, basketball, lacrosse, field hockey and rugby can all benefit from creatine use [182].”
From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [182]
In the citing paper
“Once muscle creatine stores are fully saturated, creatine stores can generally be maintained by ingesting 3–5 g/day, although some studies indicate that larger athletes may need to ingest as much as 5–10 g/day”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine (2017) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“Research has indicated that internal phosphocreatine stores can be increased by 15–40% through creatine supplementation strategies, which can subsequently have various performance-related benefits in isolation, and when used in conjunction with structured exercise training programs over time [2,3,4,5,6].”
From Creatine Supplementation in Children and Adolescents (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“creatine supplementation (with or without glycerol) has been reported to help athletes hyper-hydrate and thereby enhance tolerance to exercise in the heat [28, 37, 131–145].”
From Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? (2021) · cites this paper as [131]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, Cribb and Hayes also provided creatine while the other studies did not, which has been shown in multiple investigative scenarios to augment the muscular adaptations seen while resistance training [98–100].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing (2017) · cites this paper as [99]
In the citing paper
“Acute and chronic supplementation of CM has been reported to improve performance primarily during high intensity, intermittent activities (Greenhaff 1997a; Kraemer and Volek 1999; Kreider 2003).”
From Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and regulatory status of novel forms of creatine (2011) · cites this paper as Kreider 2003
In the citing paper
“creatine has yielded predominantly positive effects regarding exercise performance measures with no ergolytic effects and minimal to no side effects in populations ranging from adolescents to the elderly [3,9].”
From Creatine for exercise and sports performance, with recovery considerations for healthy populations (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“no consistent reports indicate that supplementation with creatine may have an ergolytic or performance-decreasing response.”
From Creatine for exercise and sports performance, with recovery considerations for healthy populations (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“In most but not all studies, creatine supplementation has been demonstrated to be an effective ergogenic aid for increasing muscular strength and/or power, and these findings have included trained and untrained men and women, including athletes and non-athletes.”
From Creatine for exercise and sports performance, with recovery considerations for healthy populations (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“An overview of this literature reveals that performance increases of 10%–15% are typically observed [9,12].”
From Creatine for exercise and sports performance, with recovery considerations for healthy populations (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“5%–15% improvements in maximal power and strength, anaerobic capacity, and work performance during repetitive sprint performance are commonly reported”
From Creatine for exercise and sports performance, with recovery considerations for healthy populations (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“creatine supplementation can help increase and maintain the delivery of ATP to working muscles, allowing for an increased ability to perform work, resulting in the widespread display of ergogenic outcomes commonly reported in the literature [3,9,19,22,106].”
From Creatine for exercise and sports performance, with recovery considerations for healthy populations (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“The improvement in performance has generally been 10–20% on various high-intensity exercise tasks [97]”
From Creatine in health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [97]
Citations
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“In this way, the CK/PCr system thereby serves as an important regulator of metabolism which may help explain the ergogenic and potential therapeutic health benefits of creatine supplementation [4, 27, 33, 36–45].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kreider, R. B.
- Affiliations
- Baylor University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kreider, Richard B.
- ORCID
- Kreider, Richard B.
- Venue
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 244
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 89-94
- ISSN
- 0300-8177 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-4919
- OpenAlex
- W1516828999
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 2.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Biochemical effects in animals
- Keywords
- creatine supplementation, ergogenic aids, exercise performance, training effects, muscle strength, sprint performance, fat-free mass, high-intensity exercise, athletes, creatine content
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Creatine, Creatinine, Energy Metabolism, Female, Football, Humans, Male, Muscle Cramp, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Phosphocreatine, Running, Time Factors, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements
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