The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Tritrophic Choice Experiments with Bt Plants, the Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella) and the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae
Open accessAbstract
Parasitoids are important natural enemies of many pest species and are used extensively in biological and integrated control programmes. Crop plants transformed to express toxin genes derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) provide high levels of resistance to certain pest species, which is likely to have consequent effects on parasitoids specialising on such pests. A better understanding of the interaction between transgenic plants, pests and parasitoids is important to limit disruption of biological control and to provide background knowledge essential for implementing measures for the conservation of parasitoid populations. It is also essential for investigations into the potential role of parasitoids in delaying the build-up of Bt-resistant pest populations. The diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), a major pest of brassica crops, is normally highly susceptible to a range of Bt toxins. However, extensive use of microbial Bt sprays has led to the selection of resistance to Bt toxins in P. xylostella. Cotesia plutellae is an important endoparasitoid of P. xylostella larvae. Although unable to survive in Bt-susceptible P. xylostella larvae on highly resistant Bt oilseed rape plants due to premature host mortality, C. plutellae is able to complete its larval development in Bt-resistant P. xylostella larvae. Experiments of parasitoid flight and foraging behaviour presented in this paper showed that adult C. plutellae females do not distinguish between Bt and wildtype oilseed rape plants, and are more attracted to Bt plants damaged by Bt-resistant hosts than by susceptible hosts. This stronger attraction to Bt plants damaged by resistant hosts was due to more extensive feeding damage. Population scale experiments with mixtures of Bt and wildtype plants demonstrated that the parasitoid is as effective in controlling Bt-resistant P. xylostella larvae on Bt plants as on wildtype plants. In these experiments equal or higher numbers of parasitoid adults emerged per transgenic as per wildtype plant. The implications for integrated pest management and the evolution of resistance to Bt in P. xylostella are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.
Citations
Cites
Parasitoids: behavioral and evolutionary ecology
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-0293 · Cited by 2,593
Ecology Of Infochemical Use By Natural Enemies In A Tritrophic Context
Vet, L. E. M., & Dicke, M. (1992) · Annual Review of Entomology · doi:10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.001041 · Cited by 1,835
Exploitation of Herbivore-Induced Plant Odors by Host-Seeking Parasitic Wasps
Turlings, T. C. J., Tumlinson, J. H., & LEWIS, W. J. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.250.4985.1251 · Cited by 1,714
Biology, Ecology, and Management of the Diamondback Moth
Talekar, N. S., & Shelton, A. M. (1993) · Annual Review of Entomology · doi:10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.001423 · Cited by 1,350
Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae
Losey, J. E., Rayor, L. S., & Carter, M. E. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/20338 · Cited by 1,171
Bacillus thuringiensis : Biology, Ecology and Safety
Glare, T. R., & O’Callaghan, M. (2000) · Cited by 556
Hilbeck, A., Baumgartner, M., Fried, P. M., & Bigler, F. (1998) · Environmental Entomology · doi:10.1093/ee/27.2.480 · Cited by 417
Reversing insect adaptation to transgenic insecticidal plants
Carrière, Y., & Tabashnik, B. E. (2001) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1689 · Cited by 309
Tabashnik, B. E., Liu, Y., Malvar, T. M., Heckel, D. G., Masson, L., Ballester, V., Granero, F., Ménsua, J. L., & Ferré, J. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.24.12780 · Cited by 221
How To Hunt for Hiding Hosts: the Reliability-Detectability Problem in Foraging Parasitoids
Vet, L. E. M., WÄCKERS, F. L., & Dicke, M. (1990) · Netherlands Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1163/156854291x00144 · Cited by 216
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Roush RT (1997) Managing risk of resistance in pests to insecttolerant crops. In: McClean GD, Waterhouse PM, Evans G and Gibbs MJ (eds), Commercialisation of Transgenic Crops: Risk, Benefit, and Trade Considerations (pp. 259–271) Cooperative Research Centre for Plant Sciences and Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra.
- Schuler TH, Poppy GM and Denholm I (2000) Recommendations for the assessment of effects of GM crops on non-target organisms. In: Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Diseases (pp. 1221–1228) British Crop Protection Council, Brighton.
- Sivapragasam A, Loke WH, Hussan AK and Lim GS (eds) (1997) The Management of Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop. Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Kuala Lumpur.
- Vinson DB (1985) The behaviour of parasitoids. In: Kerkut GA and Gilbert LI (eds) Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology: Behaviour. Vol. 9 (pp. 417–469) Pergamon Press, New York.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis toxins and biological control
Romeis, J., Meissle, M., & Bigler, F. (2006) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt1180 · Cited by 719
Insecticide use: Contexts and ecological consequences
Devine, G. J., & Furlong, M. J. (2007) · Agriculture and Human Values · doi:10.1007/s10460-007-9067-z · Cited by 335
Recent developments and future prospects in insect pest control in transgenic crops
Christou, P., Capell, T., Kohli, A., Gatehouse, J. A., & Gatehouse, A. M. R. (2006) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2006.04.001 · Cited by 289
Biological control of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella : A review
Sarfraz, M., Keddie, B. A., & Dosdall, L. M. (2005) · Biocontrol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/09583150500136956 · Cited by 268
Impacts of Bt crops on non-target invertebrates and insecticide use patterns.
Naranjo, S. E. (2009) · CABI Reviews · doi:10.1079/pavsnnr20094011 · Cited by 252
Genetically engineered crops help support conservation biological control
Romeis, J., Naranjo, S. E., Meissle, M., & Shelton, A. M. (2019) · Biological Control · doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2018.10.001 · Cited by 231
“…was driven by a single study where parasitoids (Cotesia plutellae; Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were offered a choice between Bt resistant Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) caterpillars on Bt compared with non-Bt oilseed rape in field simulators in the laboratory (Schuler et al., 2003).”
BackgroundRomeis, J., Hellmich, R. L., Candolfi, M. P., Carstens, K., de Schrijver, A., Gatehouse, A. M. R., Herman, R. A., Huesing, J. E., McLean, M. A., Raybould, A. F., et al. (2010) · Transgenic Research · doi:10.1007/s11248-010-9446-x · Cited by 232
The impact of transgenic plants on natural enemies: a critical review of laboratory studies
Löveï, G. L., & Arpaia, S. (2005) · Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata · doi:10.1111/j.0013-8703.2005.00235.x · Cited by 165
Transgenic Insecticidal Crops and Natural Enemies: A Detailed Review of Laboratory Studies
Lövei, G. L., Andow, D. A., & Arpaia, S. (2009) · Environmental Entomology · doi:10.1603/022.038.0201 · Cited by 166
Conserving the efficacy of insecticides against Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae)
Sarfraz, M., & Keddie, B. A. (2005) · Journal of Applied Entomology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2005.00930.x · Cited by 135
Dively, G. P. (2005) · Environmental Entomology · doi:10.1603/0046-225x(2005)034[1267:iotvcl]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 126
Charleston, D. S., Kfir, R., Dicke, M., & Vet, L. E. M. (2005) · Biological Control · doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.02.007 · Cited by 110
Himanen, S., Nerg, A., Nissinen, A., Pinto‐Zevallos, D. M., Stewart, C. N., Poppy, G. M., & Holopainen, J. K. (2008) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02646.x · Cited by 104
Schuler, T. H., Denholm, I., Clark, S. J., Stewart, C. N., & Poppy, G. M. (2004) · Journal of Insect Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.03.001 · Cited by 95
Genetically Modified Organisms
Sybr Green, I. (2006) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05274_3.x · Cited by 93
Impact of transgenic cotton plants on a non‐target pest, Aphis gossypii Glover
Liu, X. D., Zhai, B. P., Zhang, X. X., & Zong, J. M. (2005) · Ecological Entomology · doi:10.1111/j.0307-6946.2005.00690.x · Cited by 82
Shelton, A. M., Naranjo, S. E., Romeis, J., Hellmich, R. L., Wolt, J. D., Federici, B. A., Albajes, R., Bigler, F., Burgess, E. P. J., Dively, G. P., et al. (2009) · Transgenic Research · doi:10.1007/s11248-009-9260-5 · Cited by 73
Evaluation of the Impact of Genetically Modified Cotton After 20 Years of Cultivation in Mexico
Rocha-Munive, M. G., Soberón, M., Castañeda, S., Niaves, E., Scheinvar, E., Eguiarte, L. E., Mota‐Sanchez, D., Rosales-Robles, E., Nava-Camberos, U., Martínez-Carrillo, J. L., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2018.00082 · Cited by 80
Lawo, N. C., Wäckers, F. L., & Romeis, J. (2010) · Journal of Insect Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.06.012 · Cited by 66
Evaluating the Induced-Odour Emission of a Bt Maize and its Attractiveness to Parasitic Wasps
Turlings, T. C. J., Jeanbourquin, P., Held, M., & Degen, T. (2005) · Transgenic Research · doi:10.1007/s11248-005-0008-6 · Cited by 64
Yang, L., Fang, Z., Dicke, M., van Loon, J. J. A., & Jongsma, M. A. (2008) · Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.09.012 · Cited by 61
Ibrahim, M. A., Stewart‐Jones, A., Pulkkinen, J. T., Poppy, G. M., & Holopainen, J. K. (2008) · Plant Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2007.00013.x · Cited by 51
Han, P., Velasco-Hernández, M. C., Ramírez‐Romero, R., & Desneux, N. (2016) · Journal of Pest Science · doi:10.1007/s10340-016-0791-2 · Cited by 50
Stratonovitch, P., Eliáš, J., Denholm, I., Slater, R., & Semenov, M. A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115631 · Cited by 45
Liu, X., Zhang, Q., Zhao, Y., Cai, Q., Xu, H., & Li, J. (2005) · Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata · doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.2005.00248.x · Cited by 45
Will transgenic plants adversely affect the environment?
Velkov, V. V., Medvinsky, A. B., Sokolov, M. S., & Marchenko, A. I. (2005) · Journal of Biosciences · doi:10.1007/bf02703726 · Cited by 38
Karimzadeh, J., Bonsall, M. B., & Wright, D. J. (2004) · Ecological Entomology · doi:10.1111/j.0307-6946.2004.00609.x · Cited by 37
MacDonald, C., & Loxdale, H. D. (2004) · International Journal of Pest Management · doi:10.1080/09670870410001731952 · Cited by 36
Charleston, D. S., Gols, R., Hordijk, K. A., Kfir, R., Vet, L. E. M., & Dicke, M. (2006) · Journal of Chemical Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10886-005-9004-9 · Cited by 35
Prey-mediated effects of transgenic canola on a beneficial, non-target, carabid beetle
Ferry, N., Mulligan, E. A., Stewart, C. N., Tabashnik, B. E., Port, G. R., & Gatehouse, A. M. R. (2006) · Transgenic Research · doi:10.1007/s11248-006-0021-4 · Cited by 35
Breeding for insect resistance in oilseed rape: Challenges, current knowledge and perspectives
Hervé, M. R. (2017) · Plant Breeding · doi:10.1111/pbr.12552 · Cited by 34
Desneux, N., Ramírez‐Romero, R., Bokonon-Ganta, A. H., & Bernal, J. S. (2010) · Ecotoxicology · doi:10.1007/s10646-010-0502-3 · Cited by 34
Shelton, A. M., Naranjo, S. E., Romeis, J., Hellmich, R. L., Wolt, J. D., Federici, B. A., Albajes, R., Bigler, F., Burgess, E. P. J., Dively, G. P., et al. (2009) · Environmental Entomology · doi:10.1603/022.038.0603 · Cited by 31
Insecticide use: context and ecological consequences
Devine, G. J., Eza, D., Ogusuku, E., & Furlong, M. J. (2008) · Americanae (AECID Library) · doi:10.17843/rpmesp.2008.251.1241 · Cited by 30
Disque, H. H., Hamby, K. A., Dubey, A., Taylor, C., & Dively, G. P. (2018) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.5201 · Cited by 30
Vogler, U., Rott, A. S., GESSLER, C., & Dorn, S. (2009) · Transgenic Research · doi:10.1007/s11248-009-9294-8 · Cited by 26
Bt rice does not disrupt the host-searching behavior of the parasitoid Cotesia chilonis
Liu, Q., Romeis, J., Yu, H., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., & Peng, Y. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep15295 · Cited by 24
Specificity and Cross-order Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Pesticidal Proteins
van Frankenhuyzen, K. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56678-8_10 · Cited by 23
Liu, X., Chen, M., Onstad, D. W., Roush, R., & Shelton, A. M. (2010) · Transgenic Research · doi:10.1007/s11248-010-9471-9 · Cited by 23
Plant Resistance Affects the Olfactory Response and Parasitism Success of Cotesia vestalis
Karimzadeh, J., Hardie, J., & Wright, D. J. (2012) · Journal of Insect Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10905-012-9331-y · Cited by 21
Svobodová, Z., Habuštová, O. S., Hutchison, W. D., Hussein, H. M., & Sehnal, F. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130656 · Cited by 20
Zhang, S. ‐., Li, D. ‐., Cui, J., & Xie, B. ‐. (2006) · Journal of Applied Entomology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2006.01049.x · Cited by 20
Laboratory studies of the effects of reduced prey choice caused by Bt plants on a predatory insect
Schuler, T. H., Clark, A. J., Clark, S. J., Poppy, G. M., Stewart, C. N., & Denholm, I. (2005) · Bulletin of Entomological Research · doi:10.1079/ber2004356 · Cited by 19
Engineering Resistance to Insect Pests
Ferry, N., Edwards, M. G., Mulligan, E. A., Emami, K., Petrova, A. S., Frantescu, M., Davison, G. M., & Gatehouse, A. M. R. (2004) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0470869143.kc020 · Cited by 19
Wei, W., Schuler, T. H., Clark, S. J., Stewart, C. N., & Poppy, G. M. (2005) · Annals of Applied Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2005.00024.x · Cited by 18
Transgenic Bt-Plants and the Future of Crop Protection (An Overview)
Ibrahim, R. A., & Shawer, D. (2014) · International Journal of Agricultural and Food Research · doi:10.24102/ijafr.v3i1.412 · Cited by 13
Soybean proteinase inhibitor and the foraging strategy of free flying honeybees
Dechaume‐Moncharmont, F., Azzouz, H., Pons, O., & Pham‐Delègue, M. (2005) · Apidologie · doi:10.1051/apido:2005031 · Cited by 13
Xu, H., Wang, X., Chi, G., Tan, B., & Wang, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2019.00160 · Cited by 12
Kim, Y. H., Kang, J. S., Kim, J. I., Kwon, M. J., Lee, S., Cho, H. S., & Lee, S. H. (2008) · Journal of Economic Entomology · doi:10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[1134:eobtcc]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 12
Andreeva, I. V., Шаталова, Е. И., & Khodakova, A. V. (2021) · Plant Protection News · doi:10.31993/2308-6459-2021-104-1-14947 · Cited by 10
Jafary, M., Karimzadeh, J., Farazmand, H., & Rezapanah, M. (2015) · Biocontrol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/09583157.2015.1078872 · Cited by 10
Sedighi, L., Rezapanah, M., & Aghdam, H. R. (2011) · Journal of entomological research society · Cited by 9
Liu, X., Abro, G. H., Han, F., Tian, J., Chen, M., Onstad, D. W., Roush, R., Zhang, Q., & Shelton, A. M. (2015) · Biological Control · doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2015.07.010 · Cited by 8
Li, X., Niu, Y.-Q., & Liu, T. (2013) · Applied Entomology and Zoology · doi:10.1007/s13355-013-0225-z · Cited by 8
Cerda, H., Sayyed, A. H., & Wright, D. J. (2006) · Journal of Applied Entomology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2006.01086.x · Cited by 8
Zhang, S. ‐., Xie, B. ‐., Cui, J., & Li, D. ‐. (2006) · Journal of Applied Entomology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2006.01052.x · Cited by 7
GM Crops: Resistance Development and Impact on Biodiversity
Lombardo, L., Trenti, M., & Zelasco, S. (2020) · Topics in biodiversity and conservation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53183-6_3 · Cited by 6
Does Cry1Ab maize interfere in the biology and behavioural traits of Podisus nigrispinus
Leite, N. A., Mendes, S. M., dos Santos, C. A., & Pereira, E. J. G. (2014) · Bulletin of Insectology · Cited by 6
Evaluation of host testing by comparing ingestion and settling behaviours
Sandanayaka, W. R. M., & Page-Weir, N. E. M. (2009) · Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed Control Conference · doi:10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4777 · Cited by 5
Karimzadeh, J., & Sayyed, A. H. (2011) · نامه انجمن حشره شناسی ایران · Cited by 5
GMOs – Impact on Non-target Arthropods
Pinheiro, P., & de Faria, J. C. (2020) · Topics in biodiversity and conservation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53183-6_5 · Cited by 6
Tanaka, T., & Minakuchi, C. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/28598 · Cited by 5
Effects of Bt transgenes on herbivorous insect-parasitoid interactions
Steinbrecher, I. (2004) · doi:10.53846/goediss-1918 · Cited by 4
Nontarget Effect of Transgenic Insecticidal Crops: Overview to Date and Future Challenges.
Shirai, Y. (2007) · Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology · doi:10.1303/jjaez.2007.165 · Cited by 3
Sweet, J. B., & Bartsch, D. K. (2012) · vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zürich eBooks · doi:10.3218/3499-8 · Cited by 2
Impact environnemental des cultures transgéniques
Michaud, D. (2006) · Phytoprotection · doi:10.7202/012511ar · Cited by 3
Simulation based engineering—from process engineering to automation engineering
Fischer, H., & Toebermann, J.-C. (2006) · Computer-aided chemical engineering/Computer aided chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/s1570-7946(06)80255-5 · Cited by 1
Marzban, R. (2011) · Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection · doi:10.1080/03235408.2011.587300 · Cited by 1
Time for a New Look at the Relationship Between Bt Plants and Insect Natural Enemies
Chen, M., & Shelton, A. M. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17815-3_16
Ecological risks of genetically modified plants
Guo, J. (2008) · Zhongguo shengtai nongye xuebao · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1011.2008.00515
Community structure of gut microbes in Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Snyman, M. (2015) · Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University)
Ṋethononda, P., Nofemela, R. S., & Modise, D. M. (2017) · African Entomology · doi:10.4001/003.025.0302
Transgenic Resistance to Insects: Interactions with Nontarget Organisms
Sharma, H. C. (2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420088489-14
Transgenic Resistance to Insects
(2008) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420088489.ch11
El-Wakeil, N. E., Gaafar, N., & Al-Kahtani, S. N. (2026) · Science and Technology Nexus · doi:10.25259/stn_14_2026
Bio-accumulation and non-target effects of GM derived Bt endotoxin in the soil
Moore, S. P. (2007) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Schuler, T. H., Potting, R. P. J., Denholm, I., Clark, S. J., Clark, A. J., Stewart, C. N., & Poppy, G. M.
- Affiliations
- Rothamsted Research (GB)
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Schuler, Tanja H.
- ORCID
- Potting, Roel P.J.
- Venue
- Transgenic Research
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 351-361
- ISSN
- 0962-8819 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-9368
- OpenAlex
- W2151577892
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 12.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Licence
- Locations
- Transgenic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Rothamsted Repository (Rothamsted Repository) (submittedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect-Plant Interactions and Control
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Insect Resistance and Genetics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Genetically Modified Organisms Research
- Keywords
- Bt crops, Plutella xylostella, Cotesia plutellae, parasitoid foraging behavior, Bt resistance, parasitoid conservation, biological control, oilseed rape, integrated pest management, parasitoid emergence
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacterial Toxins, Feeding Behavior, Female, Host-Parasite Interactions, Insecticide Resistance, Moths, Plant Leaves, Crops, Agricultural, Brassica rapa, Plants, Genetically Modified
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review