Cited by 1,658Geology and Paleoclimatology ResearchClimate variability and modelsArchaeology and ancient environmental studies

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The Anthropogenic Greenhouse Era Began Thousands of Years Ago

Ruddiman, William F.·2003·Climatic Change

DOI 10.1023/b:clim.0000004577.17928.fa

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Background
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The shape of Anthropocene: The early contribution of the water sciences
Luciano, E. (2022) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/20530196221140143 · Cited by 7
“…suggest an alternative starting date to the Industrial Revolution in locating the beginning of the Anthropocene—anticipating the Ruddiman Hypothesis (Ruddiman, 2003; Ruddiman et al., 2020) as well as several other alternatives that have been proposed in the following two decades (e.g. Certini and…”
BackgroundInfluential
Asian monsoon precipitation changes and the Holocene methane anomaly
Zhou, X. (2011) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683611430408 · Cited by 7
“On the other hand, one key premise of Ruddiman’s early anthropogenic hypothesis (Ruddiman, 2003) is that CH4 changes were mainly controlled by the low-latitude monsoon precipitation.”
BackgroundInfluential
Visualizing the Anthropocene: Human Land Use History and Environmental Management
Periman, R. D. (2006) · Cited by 7
Managing Terrestrial Carbon in a Changing Climate
Lal, R. (2013) · SpringerBriefs in environment, security, development and peace · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-00699-4_1 · Cited by 8
“Total emissions by land use conversion of 480 Pg have been estimated as follows (Ruddiman 2003):”
Method
Earth’s Climate System
Salawitch, R. J., Bennett, B. F., Hope, A. P., Tribett, W. R., & Canty, T. P. (2017) · Springer climate · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46939-3_1 · Cited by 9
“If, as suggested by Ruddiman (2003), human activity 8000 ybp did indeed offset the onset of extensive glaciation due to declining summer insolation at Northern high latitudes (driven by Milankovitch orbital variations), this would be a fascinating benefit of human ingenuity, especially for…”
Background
The Anthroposeen: The Invention of Linear Perspective as a Decisive Moment in the Emergence of a Geological Age of Mankind
Lepenies, P. (2018) · European Review · doi:10.1017/s106279871800042x · Cited by 7
El Antropoceno puesto a prueba en el campo: cambio climático y crisis de las relaciones de reciprocidad entre los q’ero de los Andes peruanos
Cometti, G. (2020) · Antípoda Revista de Antropología y Arqueología · doi:10.7440/antipoda38.2020.01 · Cited by 7
Five thousand years of fire history in the high North Atlantic region: natural variability and ancient human forcing
Segato, D., Hidalgo, M. D. C. V., Edwards, R., Barbaro, E., Vallelonga, P., Kjær, H. A., Simonsen, M., Vinther, B. M., Maffezzoli, N., Zangrando, R., et al. (2021) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-17-1533-2021 · Cited by 9
“Ruddiman (2003) explicitly argued that land use changes in Eurasia during the early to mid-Holocene could explain increases in CH4 and CO2 atmospheric concentrations and that these changes had a significant impact on climate.”
Background
History, Scientific Ignorance, and the Anthropocene
Verburgt, L. M. (2021) · Journal for the History of Knowledge · doi:10.5334/jhk.46 · Cited by 8
Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate in the Anthropocene
Lorenz, K. E., Crutzen, P. J., Lal, R., & Töpfer, K. (2012) · The anthropocene: Politik - economics - society - science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82202-6_14 · Cited by 7
What do we mean by wet? Geoarchaeology and the reconstruction of water availability
Jones, M. D. (2012) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.12.015 · Cited by 7
Effects of global climate change on the ecological niche of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in Croatia.
Anić, I., Vukelić, J., Mikac, S., et al. (2009) · Šumarski list · Cited by 7
Les causes astronomiques des grandes variations du climat au Quaternaire
Berger, A. (2005) · Comptes Rendus Palevol · doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2005.09.009 · Cited by 7
“Ruddiman [24] a, en effet, suggéré que cet accroissement de quelques dizai-nes de ppmv serait en fait d ’ origine anthropique.”
Background
Response to Comments on “Intensifying Weathering and Land Use in Iron Age Central Africa”
Bayon, G., Dennielou, B., Étoubleau, J., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1222458 · Cited by 7
AIMing TO RESTORE FORESTS: EVALUATION WITH SER CRITERIA
Carey, A. B. (2006) · Northwestern Naturalist · doi:10.1898/1051-1733(2006)87[31:atrfew]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 7
“…climate change will allow return to pre-Columbian conditions, which historic pre-Columbian period (if any) is most appropriate, and whether or not the pre-disturbance state is the desirable state or even a natural (unaffected by humans) state (Pielou 1991; Carey 1998; Pyne 2003; Ruddiman 2003).”
Background
Holocene Rapid Land‐Cover Changes – Evidence and Theory
Claussen, M. A. (2008) · doi:10.1002/9781444300932.ch9 · Cited by 7
Ice core records of atmospheric carbon dioxide
Bauska, T. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99931-1.00264-6 · Cited by 10
Tracing 8,000 years of climate change and human influence in the Middle Atlas, Morocco: A palynological study from Lake Iffer
Bourchachen, M., Alaoui, B. L., Azennoud, K., et al. (2025) · Journal of African Earth Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2025.105563 · Cited by 6
An investigation of multifunctional properties of Ba2XBiO6 (X = Ga, In) double perovskites for green energy applications via first-principles calculations
Ali, M. A., & Alsalmi, O. (2025) · Chemical Physics · doi:10.1016/j.chemphys.2025.112948 · Cited by 6
Holocene land cover change in North America: continental trends, regional drivers, and implications for vegetation–atmosphere feedbacks
Dawson, A., Williams, J. W., Gaillard, M., Goring, S. J., Pirzamanbein, B., Lindström, J., Anderson, R. S., Brunelle, A. R., Foster, D. R., Gajewski, K., et al. (2025) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-21-2031-2025 · Cited by 12
Early to Mid-Holocene land use transitions in South Asia: A new archaeological synthesis of potential human impacts
Bates, J., Morrison, K. D., Madella, M., Hill, A. C., Whitehouse, N. J., Abro, T. A., Ajithprasad, P., Anupama, K., Casile, A., Chandio, M. A., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313409 · Cited by 7
Hydrometeorological hazards under future climate change
Edwards, T. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139047562.007 · Cited by 6
The effect of burnt and un-burnt land on soil physicochemical characteristics in Ekeya-Okobo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Ubuoh, E. A., Ejekwolu, C. C., & Onuigbo, I. V. (2017) · Journal of applied science and environmental management · doi:10.4314/jasem.v21i5.18 · Cited by 6
“As more land is being cleared and prepared for cropping annually in humid tropics for food production , burning has become the easiest and most convenient method quite often employed (Ruddiman, 2003; Edem et al., 2012).”
Method
Observations on the connection between glacial phases, natural catastrophes and economic trends of the last millennium in Italy
Bragato, P. L., & Holzhauser, H. (2019) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683619846984 · Cited by 6
Trace metals as markers for historical anthropogenic contamination: Evidence from the Peshawar Basin, Pakistan
Bibi, M., Wagreich, M., & Iqbal, S. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134926 · Cited by 6
全球历史LUCC数据集数据可靠性的评估方法及评估案例
赵, 琬., 张, 成., 张, 頔., 邱, 维., 方, 修., 魏, 学., & 叶, 瑜. (2020) · SCIENTIA SINICA Terrae · doi:10.1360/sste-2019-0093 · Cited by 6
Early human impact on soils and hydro-sedimentary systems: Multi-proxy geoarchaeological analyses from La Narse de la Sauvetat (France)
Mayoral, A., Granai, S., Develle, A., Peiry, J., Miras, Y., Couderc, F., Vernet, G., & Berger, J. (2020) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683620950390 · Cited by 6
“In north-western Europe, this threshold appeared to occur in the third millennium BP (Dotterweich, 2013; Ellis et al., 2013; Notebaert et al., 2014; Ruddiman, 2003).”
Background
Long-Term Geomorphic Change in the Maya Lowlands of Central America
Cook, D. E., Beach, T., Luzzadder‐Beach, S., Dunning, N. P., & Smith, B. A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818234-5.00178-4 · Cited by 6

Authors: Ruddiman, W. F.
Affiliations: University of Virginia (US)
Corresponding author: Ruddiman, William F.
Venue: Climatic Change
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2003-12
Volume: 61
Issue: 3
Pages: 261-293
ISSN: 0165-0009 (ISSN-L)
1573-1480
DOI: 10.1023/b:clim.0000004577.17928.fa
OpenAlex: W2139562946
Semantic Scholar: 83a526a6d579874795e7852a395c3e44637efead
Cited by: 1,658
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 96 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 56
FWCI: 39.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Climatic Change (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
Keywords: anthropogenic greenhouse effect, atmospheric CO2, methane, Holocene, ancient agriculture, forest clearing, rice irrigation, Little Ice Age, bubonic plague, farm abandonment, forest regeneration, carbon sequestration, orbital forcing, paleoclimate, Industrial Revolution, global warming

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