Cited by 1,658Geology and Paleoclimatology ResearchClimate variability and modelsArchaeology and ancient environmental studies

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The Anthropogenic Greenhouse Era Began Thousands of Years Ago

Ruddiman, William F.·2003·Climatic Change

DOI 10.1023/b:clim.0000004577.17928.fa

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Built environment transformation in Nigeria: the effects of a regenerative framework
Agboola, O. P., Alotaibi, B. S., Dodo, Y. A., Abuhussain, M. A., & Abuhussain, M. (2023) · Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering · doi:10.1080/13467581.2023.2238045 · Cited by 46
“…to play a significant role in providing practical solutions that promote the use of clean and renewable energy, minimize greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance the value of the ecosystem, as supported by studies conducted by Roaf et al. (2005), Ruddiman (2003), Smith (2007), and Altomonte (2009).”
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James, L. A. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374739-6.00342-0 · Cited by 46
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“Most importantly historical TFVC loss, in addition to the continuous emission of CO 2 and GHGs this implies (Arneth et al., 2017; Kaplan et al., 2011; Ruddiman, 2003), has presumably had significant and devastating impacts on the integrity of the global climate envelope .”
Background
Anthropocene: another academic invention?
Visconti, G. (2014) · RENDICONTI LINCEI · doi:10.1007/s12210-014-0317-x · Cited by 46
“It is not strange that he accepts without doubt the idea of an “early Anthropocene” (Ruddiman 2003).”
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Li, X., Sun, N., Dodson, J., Ji, M., Zhao, K., & Zhou, X. (2011) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.03.015 · Cited by 45
High carbon sequestration in Siberian permafrost loess-paleosols during glacials
Zech, R., Huang, Y., Zech, M., Tarozo, R., & Zech, W. (2011) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-7-501-2011 · Cited by 44
“The cooling trend would likely have continued during the Holocene, had there not been man-made global warming and increasing anthropogenic emissions (Ruddiman, 2003), reaching ∼5 Pg yr−1 during the last century.”
Background
Contingencies of the Anthropocene: Lessons from the ‘Neolithic’
Head, L. (2014) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/2053019614529745 · Cited by 46
“Indeed, the early agricultural period is one candidate date for the onset of the Anthropocene (Ruddiman, 2003).”
Background
Modelling Holocene carbon accumulation and methane emissions of boreal wetlands – an Earth system model approach
Schuldt, R. J., Brovkin, V. A., Kleinen, T., et al. (2013) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-10-1659-2013 · Cited by 45
“The rising trend in CH 4 concentration over the last several thousand years, therefore, may be explained not only by anthropogenic factors (CH 4 emissions from landuse; Ruddiman, 2003), but also by natural processes.”
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Modelled interglacial carbon cycle dynamics during the Holocene, the Eemian and Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11
Kleinen, T., Brovkin, V. A., & Munhoven, G. (2016) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-12-2145-2016 · Cited by 47
“According to the “early anthropogenic hypothesis” (Ruddiman, 2003, 2013), anthropogenic emissions related to land use from early agriculture strongly influenced climate already in the early Holocene.”
Background
Climate Adaptation of Tropical Cattle
Barendse, W. (2017) · Annual Review of Animal Biosciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-022516-022921 · Cited by 46
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“Several different factors have been proposed as cause or contributor to this rise: natural changes in carbon storage on land (Inderm¨uhle et al., 1999) or in the oceans (Broecker and Clark, 2003), or by early anthropogenic land cover and land use change (Ruddiman, 2003).”
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“William Ruddiman has suggested that we have escaped glaciation because early agriculture released both carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere, enhancing the greenhouse effect (Ruddiman, 2003 2007, 2013).”
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Okolo, C. C., Gebresamuel, G., Retta, A. N., Zenebe, A., & Haile, M. T. (2019) · Bulletin of the National Research Centre/Bulletin of the National Research Center · doi:10.1186/s42269-019-0120-z · Cited by 45
“Ruddiman (2003) as reported in Lal et al. (2012) estimated that the total emission of CO2 from the terrestrial biosphere is equivalent to 427 Pg considering emissions of CO2-C over 800 years.”
Background
Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Surface Runoff and Sediment Yield in the Little Ruaha River Catchment
Chilagane, N. A., Kashaigili, J. J., Mutayoba, E., et al. (2021) · Open Journal of Modern Hydrology · doi:10.4236/ojmh.2021.113004 · Cited by 44
“The changes in LULC call for special attention since humans have been modifying land to obtain food and other essentials for thousands of years, but current rates, extents and intensities of changes are far greater now compared to historically [2].”
Background
The dependence of equilibrium climate sensitivity on climate state: Applications to studies of climates colder than present
Kutzbach, J. E., He, F., Vavrus, S. J., & Ruddiman, W. F. (2013) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/grl.50724 · Cited by 44
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Wolff, E. W., & Spahni, R. (2007) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2007.2044 · Cited by 42
“Recently, it has been argued (Ruddiman 2003) that the rise in CH4 between 5 kyr and the pre-industrial period is anomalous in the context of other interglacials and in relation to orbital forcing.”
Background
The climate and vegetation of Marine Isotope Stage 11 – Model results and proxy-based reconstructions at global and regional scale
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“…reconstructions of interglacial climates are of particular interests in light of the current anthropogenic warming, natural climate system dynamics (e.g. Solomon et al., 2007; Melles et al., 2012) and humaneenvironment interactions (e.g. Yasuda and Shinde, 2004; Ruddiman, 2003; Weber et al., 2010).”
Background
Storytelling: From the early Anthropocene to the good or the bad Anthropocene
Kunnas, J. (2017) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/2053019617725538 · Cited by 45
“Ruddiman (2003, 2005) himself argues that the Anthropocene started already when humans commenced large-scale agriculture in various parts of the world 5000–8000 years ago.”
Background
Wood Vault: remove atmospheric CO2 with trees, store wood for carbon sequestration for now and as biomass, bioenergy and carbon reserve for the future
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“The current climate crisis has been caused by fossil fuel burning since the Industrial Revolution, on top of the disturbance to the global carbon cycle by agriculture that may have already delayed the inception of the next ice age [26].”
BackgroundMethod
Modeling Historical Land Cover and Land Use: A Review fromContemporary Modeling
Chang-Martínez, L. A., Mas, J., Torrescano‐Valle, N., Torres, P. B., & Folan, W. J. (2015) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi4041791 · Cited by 43
“In turn, these models can be used as input for models estimating emission to the atmosphere and sequestration of GHG [35,68,83,90,91].”
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“One hypothesis postulates that CH4 emissions caused by early human land use were responsible for the CH4 turnaround at about 5 ka BP (Ruddiman and Thomson, 2001; Ruddiman, 2003).”
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“Although some take it back to the Middle Holocene, 8000 years ago (Ruddiman 2003, Smith and Zeder 2013), there is wider consensus that it is a phenomenon of the last 250 years.”
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“Cities have long been recognized for a propensity to modify their weather and climate (Ruddiman 2003; Von Storch and Stehr 2006; Yow 2007).”
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Mediterranean Prodelta Systems: Natural Evolution and Human Impact Investigated by EURODELTA
Trincardi, F., Cattaneo, A., & Correggiari, A. (2004) · Oceanography · doi:10.5670/oceanog.2004.02 · Cited by 43
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Wallenhorst, N. (2021) · Recherches & éducations · doi:10.4000/rechercheseducations.11539 · Cited by 42
Northern peatland initiation lagged abrupt increases in deglacial atmospheric CH 4
Reyes, A. V., & Cooke, C. A. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1013270108 · Cited by 42
“, early agricultural activities (42)] of late Holocene atmospheric CH4.”
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Exploring the Early Anthropocene Burning Hypothesis and Climate-Fire Anomalies for the Eastern U.S.
Abrams, M. D., & Nowacki, G. J. (2014) · Journal of Sustainable Forestry · doi:10.1080/10549811.2014.973605 · Cited by 43
“For instance, Ruddiman (2003) argues that increases in greenhouse gases as a result of agricultural practices dating back 7,000 yr altered climate and represents the start of the Anthropocene.”
Background
Marsupials as introduced species: Long-term anthropogenic expansion of the marsupial frontier and its implications for zoogeographic interpretation
Heinsohn, T. E. (2010) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.22459/ta32.11.2010.09 · Cited by 42
“Thus, owing to some highly adaptable ethnotramp species and anthropogenic translocation, the marsupial frontier is likely to expand rather than contract and contribute to the general homogenisation of biotas during this recent era of accelerated anthropogenic impacts that some have dubbed the Homogenocene (Samways 199…”
Background
The Rise of the Anthroposphere since 50,000 Years: An Ecological Replacement of Megaherbivores by Humans in Terrestrial Ecosystems?
Bocherens, H. (2018) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00003 · Cited by 42
“…forest clearance (Ruddiman and Ellis, 2009) and to methane emissions through the expansion of methaneproducing livestock and rice paddies (Fuller et al., 2011), increasing the amount of this powerful greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and therefore contributing to climate warming (Ruddiman, 2003).”
Background
A comprehensive review of sectorial contribution towards greenhouse gas emissions and progress in carbon capture and storage in Pakistan
Hussain, M., Butt, A. R., Uzma, F., Ahmed, R., Islam, T., & Yousaf, B. (2019) · Greenhouse Gases Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/ghg.1890 · Cited by 46
An updated biomization scheme and vegetation reconstruction based on a synthesis of modern and mid-Holocene pollen data in China
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Granados-Aguilar, R., Owens, R. H., & Giardino, J. R. (2020) · Geomorphology · doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107165 · Cited by 43
The effect of global warming on the establishment of mangroves in coastal Louisiana during the Holocene
Rodrigues, E., Cohen, M. C. L., Liu, K., Pessenda, L. C. R., Yao, Q., Ryu, J., Rossetti, D. D. F., de Souza, A., & Dietz, M. E. (2021) · Geomorphology · doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107648 · Cited by 42
The Environmental Humanities and the Ancient World
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Dmuchowski, W., Baczewska-Dąbrowska, A. H., & Gworek, B. (2023) · Forest Policy and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2023.103136 · Cited by 46
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Cremaschi, M., & Nicosia, C. (2012) · Géomorphologie relief processus environnement · doi:10.4000/geomorphologie.9810 · Cited by 41
On the use of simple dynamical systems for climate predictions
Crucifix, M. C., & Rougier, J. (2009) · The European Physical Journal Special Topics · doi:10.1140/epjst/e2009-01087-5 · Cited by 40
Comparison of the impacts of acid and nitrogen additions on carbon fluxes in European conifer and broadleaf forests
Oulehle, F., Tahovská, K., Chuman, T., et al. (2018) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.081 · Cited by 41
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Glavanakova, A. K. (2017) · Studies in the literary imagination · doi:10.1353/sli.2017.0007 · Cited by 40
Late Holocene vegetation changes and human impact in the Changbai Mountains area, Northeast China
Makohonienko, M., Kitagawa, H., Fujiki, T., et al. (2007) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.09.010 · Cited by 40
The contribution of agriculture to the state of climate: Workshop summary and recommendations
Desjardins, R. L., Sivakumar, M. V. K., & Kimpe, C. D. (2006) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.07.011 · Cited by 40
World distribution of land cover changes during Pre- and Protohistoric Times and estimation of induced carbon releases
Lemmen, C. (2009) · Géomorphologie relief processus environnement · doi:10.4000/geomorphologie.7756 · Cited by 43
Uniform climate development between the subtropical and subpolar Northeast Atlantic across marine isotope stage 11
Helmke, J. P., Bauch, H. A., Röhl, U., & Kandiano, E. S. (2008) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-4-181-2008 · Cited by 44
“…is important for the current debate as to whether the Holocene will remain stable for the millennia to come (EPICA Community Members, 2004; Broecker and Stocker, 2006) or whether the natural glacial inception of the Holocene has not yet occurred due to anthropogenic activity (Ruddiman, 2003, 2005).”
Fundamental Processes in Ecology
Wilkinson, D. M. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.001.0001 · Cited by 91
Anthropocene
Chua, L., & Fair, H. (2019) · Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology · doi:10.29164/19anthro · Cited by 49
Effects of land use/cover changes on soil organic carbon stocks in Qinghai-Tibet plateau: A comparative analysis of different ecological functional areas based on machine learning methods and soil carbon pool data
Gao, H., Gong, J., Yang, J., Liu, J., & Ye, T. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139854 · Cited by 41
Human Communities in a Drying Landscape: Holocene Climate Change and Cultural Response in the Central Sahara
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Finding the anthropocene in tropical forests
Roberts, P., Boivin, N. L., & Kaplan, J. O. (2018) · Anthropocene · doi:10.1016/j.ancene.2018.07.002 · Cited by 43
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“The anthropogenic greenhouse era may have begun thousands of years in the past, and not 150 to 200 years ago during the Industrial Revolution, as is the going hypothesis [408], and, in terms of net photosynthetic accumulation of carbon by plants, which is defined as net primary production (NPP) consumption, this has d…”
Background
Contribution of anthropogenic land cover change emissions to pre-industrial atmospheric CO2
Reick, C. H., Raddatz, T., Pongratz, J., & Claussen, M. A. (2010) · Tellus B · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00479.x · Cited by 40
“This naturally leads to the question since when mankind started to impact on carbon cycle and climate (Ruddiman, 2003; Ruddiman, 2007).”
Background
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED: What caused the mid‐Holocene forest decline on the eastern Tibet‐Qinghai Plateau?
Herzschuh, U., Birks, H. J. B., Liu, X., Kubatzki, C., & Lohmann, G. (2009) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00501.x · Cited by 39
“Ruddiman (2003) ascribed this CO2 increase partly to the loss of terrestrial biomass as a result of extensive forest decline in Eurasia; the eastern TQP, however, was not particularly mentioned in his study.”
Retracted
Global Socio-metabolic Transitions
Krausmann, F., & Fischer‐Kowalski, M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1177-8_15 · Cited by 39
Mind, the gap in landscape‐evolution modelling
Wainwright, J., & Millington, J. D. A. (2010) · Earth Surface Processes and Landforms · doi:10.1002/esp.2008 · Cited by 37
“…Wainwright et al., 2003), it is clear that human activity has long been an important factor in changing rates of geomorphic processes, both by direct impacts on land cover (e.g. Wainwright and Thornes, 2003) and by indirect feedbacks such as by modifi cations to the climate (e.g. Ruddiman, 2003).”
Background
Forgetting fire: Traditional fire knowledge in two chestnut forest ecosystems of the Iberian Peninsula and its implications for European fire management policy
Seijo, F., Millington, J. D. A., Gray, R. W., Sanz, V., Lozano, J., García-Serrano, F., Sangüesa‐Barreda, G., & Camarero, J. J. (2015) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.03.006 · Cited by 38
“(Stewart, 1957; Ruddiman, 2003; Bowman et al., 2010).”
Background
Palaeofires in Amazon: Interplay between land use change and palaeoclimatic events
Cordeiro, R. C., Turcq, B. J., Moreira, L. S., Rodrigues, R. D. A. R., Lamego, F., Martins, G. S., Bosco‐Santos, A., Barbosa, M. R., da Conceição, M. C. G., Rodrigues, R. D. C., et al. (2014) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.07.020 · Cited by 38
“These events have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and thus may have contributed to the warming experienced since the start of current interglacial (Indermühle et al., 1999; Carcaillet et al., 2002; Ruddiman, 2003).”
Background
Demographic history, genetic structure and gene flow in a steppe-associated raptor species
García, J. T., Alda, F., Terraube, J., et al. (2011) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-333 · Cited by 38
“clearance of forested areas, cultivation, cattle grazing [49,58,59]), may have provided, either naturally or artificially, new steppe-like habitats for many species to colonize [60,61].”
Background
Dwelling in the Anthropocene: Reimagining University Learning Environments in Response to Social and Ecological Change
Rousell, D. (2016) · Australian Journal of Environmental Education · doi:10.1017/aee.2015.50 · Cited by 39
Island Archaeology, Model Systems, the Anthropocene, and How the Past Informs the Future
Fitzpatrick, S. M., & Erlandson, J. M. (2018) · The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology · doi:10.1080/15564894.2018.1447051 · Cited by 39
“…about when the Anthropocene began and the evidence that should be used to establish that baseline (Braje et al. 2014; Erlandson and Braje 2013; Ruddiman 2003, 2005), but many scholars are now leaning toward an AD 1950 benchmark when atomic testing and radioactive pollution left global…”
Background
Late Holocene transition from natural to anthropogenic forcing of vegetation change in the semi-arid region of northern China
Ding, G., Chen, J., Yan, H., et al. (2022) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107561 · Cited by 38
Andean montane forests and climate change
Bush, M. B., Hanselman, J. A., & Hooghiemstra, H. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-05383-2_2 · Cited by 39
“The potential for previous interglacials to serve as a guide to the climatic future of the Holocene has attracted considerable attention (e.g., Ruddiman, 2003; Broecker, 2006).”
Background
An Environmental Sociology for the Anthropocene
Bowden, G. (2017) · Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie · doi:10.1111/cars.12138 · Cited by 40
“In contrast, Ruddiman (2003), pointing to increases in GHG concentrations dating to the emergence of agriculture and subsequent technological innovations in the practice of farming, argues that the Anthropocene began thousands of years ago and is largely coextensive with the period now labeled the…”
Background
Landscape research in a world of domesticated landscapes: The role of values, theory, and concepts
Widgren, M. (2011) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.021 · Cited by 36
“Since the climate scientist Walter Ruddiman launched the thesis that the greenhouse gas era began thousands of years ago with the beginnings of agriculture, the human aspects of global change from a long-term perspective have become a field of great relevance to climate modelling (Ruddiman, 2003).”
Rivers of the Anthropocene
Kelly, J. M., Scarpino, P. V., Berry, H., Syvitski, J. P. M., & Meybeck, M. (2017) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/luminos.43 · Cited by 38
A note on the relationship between ice core methane concentrations and insolation
Schmidt, G. A., Shindell, D. T., & Harder, S. (2004) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2004gl021083 · Cited by 37
The Early Anthropogenic Hypothesis a Year Later
Ruddiman, W. F. (2005) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-005-7272-6 · Cited by 37
“Instead, I simply said, “a glaciation is now overdue” (Ruddiman, 2003), most likely in northeast Canada, but I made no estimate of its magnitude.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Long-term stability in the production of a NW Mediterranean Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile meadow
Mateo, M. Á., Renom, P., & Michener, R. H. (2010) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.001 · Cited by 37
“5 Cummington St., Boston, MA 02215, USA a b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 31 July 2008 Received in revised form 1 February 2010 Accepted 2 March 2010 Available online 11 March 2010 Keywords: Peat-like sediments Matte core Ecosystem stability Environmental reconstruction Holocene Carbon sta…”
BackgroundInfluential
The Climate Response to the Astronomical Forcing
Crucifix, M. C., Loutre, M., & Berger, A. (2007) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-006-9058-1 · Cited by 37
Perspectives on our planet in the Anthropocene
Williams, J., & Crutzen, P. J. (2013) · Environmental Chemistry · doi:10.1071/en13061 · Cited by 37
Alternative management for olive orchards grown in semi-arid environments: An energy, economic and environmental analysis
Pergola, M., Favia, M., Palese, A. M., et al. (2013) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2013.08.031 · Cited by 37
“Increasing anthropogenic GHG emissions have been changing the Earth’s climate (Ruddiman, 2003; IPCC, 2006).”
Background
Late Cenozoic Climate Change in Monsoon-Arid Asia and Global Changes
An, Z., Sun, Y., Chang, H., Peizhen, Z., Liu, X., Cai, Y., Jin, Z., Qiang, X., Zhou, W., Li, L., et al. (2014) · Developments in paleoenvironmental research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7817-7_6 · Cited by 40
Soil health – a perspective
Fausak, L. K., Bridson, N., Diaz-Osorio, F., Jassal, R. S., & Lavkulich, L. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Soil Science · doi:10.3389/fsoil.2024.1462428 · Cited by 36
Exploring vegetation in the fourth dimension
Mitchell, F. J. G. (2010) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2010.10.007 · Cited by 36
Human–vegetation interactions during the Holocene in North America
Gajewski, K., Kriesche, B., Chaput, M. A., Kulik, R., & Schmidt, V. (2019) · Vegetation History and Archaeobotany · doi:10.1007/s00334-019-00721-w · Cited by 36
“Atmospheric greenhouse gas levels may have decreased in response to the near cessation of human-induced biomass burning and the regeneration of forests following this population decline (Ruddiman 2003; Ferretti et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Divergence in land surface modeling: linking spread to structure
Schwalm, C. R., Schaefer, K. M., Fisher, J. B., Huntzinger, D. N., Elshorbany, Y., Fang, Y., Hayes, D. J., Jafarov, E. E., Michalak, A. M., Piper, M. D., et al. (2019) · Environmental Research Communications · doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ab4a8a · Cited by 36
“Whilemathematically tractable—and historically computational expensive (Xia et al 2012)—the basis for this assumption is inaccurate (Ruddiman 2003, 2007, Kaplan et al 2011, Lewis andMaslin, 2015, Ruddiman et al 2015).”
Background
Lesson from the past: present insolation minimum holds potential for glacial inception
Müller, U., & Pross, J. (2007) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.10.006 · Cited by 36
Quaternary science 2007: a 50-year retrospective
Walker, M. J. C., & Lowe, J. J. (2007) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/0016-76492006-195 · Cited by 36
“The role of CO2 feedback also appears to have been an important factor (Ruddiman 2003).”
Background
Multi-proxy approach to long- and short-term Holocene climate-change: evidence from eastern Lake Ontario
McFadden, M. A., Patterson, W. P., Mullins, H. T., & Anderson, W. T. (2005) · Journal of Paleolimnology · doi:10.1007/s10933-004-7634-5 · Cited by 36
“Global climates are changing in response to both natural and anthropogenic forcing (IPCC 2001; Ruddiman 2003).”
BackgroundInfluential
The cost of living in the Anthropocene
Gillings, M. R., & Hagan-Lawson, E. L. (2014) · Earth Perspectives · doi:10.1186/2194-6434-1-2 · Cited by 38
“Other writers have suggested that the Anthropocene could be dated to as long as 8,000 years ago, driven by clearing of forests and agriculture (Ruddiman 2003; Ruddiman 2013).”
Background
Environmental sustainability in the digital age: unraveling the effect of social media on green purchase intention
Nazish, M., Khan, M. N., & Khan, Z. (2024) · Young Consumers Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers · doi:10.1108/yc-01-2024-1965 · Cited by 53
Mycorrhizal Associations in Agroforestry Systems
de Carvalho, A. M. X., Tavares, R. D. C., Cardoso, I. M., et al. (2010) · Soil biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-05076-3_9 · Cited by 35
“Since its first appearance 8,000 years BP, agriculture has caused large impacts on local to global scales (Ruddiman 2003), and it currently remains a major driver of human-induced environmental change.”
Background
Siltation of river-influenced coastal environments: Respective impact of late Holocene land use and high-frequency climate changes
Poirier, C., Chaumillon, É., & Arnaud, F. (2011) · Marine Geology · doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2011.10.008 · Cited by 36
“The so-called early (Ruddiman, 2003) versus late Anthropocene (Crutzen, 2002) debate is in our view not suitable, as the consequences of human activities on the Earth considerably vary in both time and space.”
Background
The Anthropocene: a comparison with the Ordovician–Silurian boundary
Zalasiewicz, J., & Williams, M. (2013) · RENDICONTI LINCEI · doi:10.1007/s12210-013-0265-x · Cited by 34
“…be considered are its beginning, with possible start dates including the early or mid-Holocene in variants of the ‘early Anthropocene’ hypothesis of Ruddiman (2003, 2013); around the beginning of the industrial revolution (*1,800 CE) as originally suggested by Crutzen (2002), when human numbers…”
Coral reefs in the Anthropocene: persistence or the end of the line?
Hoegh‐Guldberg, O. (2014) · Geological Society London Special Publications · doi:10.1144/sp395.17 · Cited by 35
“…be defined from the first impacts of humans on natural systems that became visible about 8000 years ago, soon after the beginning of the Holocene (117 ka BP) and the stabilization of sea levels after the last ice age (this phase approximates to the ‘Early Anthropocene’ of Ruddiman 2003 and others).”
Background
Ice Sheets and the Anthropocene
Wolff, E. W. (2014) · Geological Society, London, Special Publications · doi:10.1144/sp395.10 · Cited by 45
“There is some discussion in the literature as to whether rising levels of CO2 during the last 8 ka, and of CH4 during the last 6 ka, could also be the result of human activity (land clearance and the widespread adoption of agriculture; Ruddiman 2003).”
Background
Potential Applications of 5G Network Technology for Climate Change Control: A Scoping Review of Singapore
Huseien, G. F., & Shah, K. W. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13179720 · Cited by 36
Assessment of Posidonia oceanica traits along a temperature gradient in the Mediterranean Sea shows impacts of marine warming and heat waves
Stipcich, P., Apostolaki, E. T., Chartosia, N., Efthymiadis, P. T., Jiménez, C., Manna, G. L., Pansini, A., Principato, E., Resaikos, V., & Ceccherelli, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.895354 · Cited by 40
“…events (ECEs, e.g., hurricanes, floods, heat waves), direct consequence of the global warming, are no longer to be considered as natural events (Ruddiman, 2003; Bianchi et al., 2012; Cook et al., 2016) since they are intensifying according to the increase of the greenhouse gas forcing (Coumou…”
Background
Vegetation dynamics around Lake Baikal since the middle Holocene reconstructed from the pollen and botanical composition analyses of peat sediments: Implications for paleoclimatic and archeological research
Bezrukova, E. V., Hildebrandt, S., Павловна, Л. П., et al. (2012) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.10.043 · Cited by 35
“All rights reserved. natural forcing (e.g. Ruddiman, 2003; Wanner et al., 2008; Kleinen et al., 2011).”
Background
Anthropogenic burning and the Anthropocene in late-Holocene California
Lightfoot, K. G., & Cuthrell, R. Q. (2015) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683615588376 · Cited by 34
“Ruddiman (2003, 2013) and others contend that agrarian activities may have generated anomalous carbon dioxide and methane levels that are evident in ice cores at about 8000 and 5000 years ago, respectively.”
Background
Influence of Holocene stratigraphic architecture on ground surface settlements: A case study from the City of Pisa (Tuscany, Italy)
Sarti, G., Rossi, V., & Amorosi, A. (2012) · Sedimentary Geology · doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.08.008 · Cited by 34
“Since historic times, significant human-induced changes to landscape have occurred at a global scale (Hooke, 2000; Wainwright and Millington, 2010), both by direct impacts on land cover (deforestation, agriculture and pasture; Billi and Rinaldi, 1997) and by indirect feedbacks via climate and relative sea-level modifi…”
Background
Modelling prehistoric land use and carbon budgets
Boyle, J. F., Gaillard, M., Kaplan, J. O., & Dearing, J. A. (2011) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683610386984 · Cited by 36
Assessing the Implication of Climate Change to Forecast Future Flood Using CMIP6 Climate Projections and HEC-RAS Modeling
Aryal, A., Acharya, A., & Kalra, A. (2022) · Forecasting · doi:10.3390/forecast4030032 · Cited by 39
“Climate change due to anthropogenic activities is primarily due to increases in concentrations of greenhouse gas emissions [1,2].”
Background
Global Environmental Change and Human Health:. Impact Assessment, Population Vulnerability, and Research Priorities
McMichael, A. J. (1997) · Ecosystem Health · doi:10.1111/j.1526-0992.1997.00053.pp.x · Cited by 34

Authors: Ruddiman, W. F.
Affiliations: University of Virginia (US)
Corresponding author: Ruddiman, William F.
Venue: Climatic Change
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2003-12
Volume: 61
Issue: 3
Pages: 261-293
ISSN: 0165-0009 (ISSN-L)
1573-1480
DOI: 10.1023/b:clim.0000004577.17928.fa
OpenAlex: W2139562946
Semantic Scholar: 83a526a6d579874795e7852a395c3e44637efead
Cited by: 1,658
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 96 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 56
FWCI: 39.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Climatic Change (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
Keywords: anthropogenic greenhouse effect, atmospheric CO2, methane, Holocene, ancient agriculture, forest clearing, rice irrigation, Little Ice Age, bubonic plague, farm abandonment, forest regeneration, carbon sequestration, orbital forcing, paleoclimate, Industrial Revolution, global warming

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