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The Anthropogenic Greenhouse Era Began Thousands of Years Ago
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ruddiman, W. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ruddiman, William F.
- Venue
- Climatic Change
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 261-293
- ISSN
- 0165-0009 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-1480
- OpenAlex
- W2139562946
- Semantic Scholar
- 83a526a6d579874795e7852a395c3e44637efead
- Cited by
- 1,658
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 96 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 56
- FWCI
- 39.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Climatic Change (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Keywords
- anthropogenic greenhouse effect, atmospheric CO2, methane, Holocene, ancient agriculture, forest clearing, rice irrigation, Little Ice Age, bubonic plague, farm abandonment, forest regeneration, carbon sequestration, orbital forcing, paleoclimate, Industrial Revolution, global warming
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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