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The Anthropogenic Greenhouse Era Began Thousands of Years Ago
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“Subsequent Holocene CO2 concentrations remained approximately stable, a very slow rise of 260 to 285 ppm from ~9000 B.P. (Fig. 5A) being ascribed to early human agriculture by some ( 3 ), albeit controversially ( 66 ).”
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The Little Ice Age and the Coming of the Anthropocene
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Holocene land use in western Sicily: a geoarchaeological perspective
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“Whether human interactions with the environment are recorded by changes in local sediment patterns as in the catchments of Sicily (Ayala 2004; Heinzel 2004) or are recorded within regional to global depositional systems (Ruddiman 2003), interdisciplinary, regional and site-specific studies are critically important whe…”
BackgroundHan, Y. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.10001-6 · Cited by 7
Braje, T. J. (2018) · Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas Avançadas do Terceiro Setor · doi:10.31501/repats.v1i1.9927 · Cited by 6
“Similar to Dull et al. (2010), Ruddiman (2003) argued that this signaled wide scale clearance of tropical forests by anthropogenic burning for agricultural fields – demographic pressure that increased through the Holocene until its peak in the late-fifteenth century, coinciding with the spread of…”
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Quenet, G. (2017) · Annales Histoire Sciences Sociales (English edition) · doi:10.1017/ahsse.2019.9 · Cited by 8
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“Ruddiman (2003) observed correlations between plague pandemics and decreased carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations from reconstructed ice cores.”
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Lenton, S. (2008) · Quarry management · Cited by 6
Oldfield, F. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139165266.016 · Cited by 6
Gell, P. (2017) · Developments in paleoenvironmental research · doi:10.1007/978-94-024-0990-1_23 · Cited by 6
Human and human-mediated species dispersals through time: Introduction and overview
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Linking Land Use and the Carbon Cycle
Robinson, D. T., Brown, D. G., French, N. H. F., et al. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511894824.003 · Cited by 6
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“…massive pandemics, such as the one that followed European colonization of the Americas and the resulting introduction of infectious diseases, have led to regrowth of forests and a concomitant drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (Ruddiman, 2003; Ruddiman and Carmichael, 2006).”
BackgroundKramer, A., Bittmann, F., & Nösler, D. (2013) · Vegetation History and Archaeobotany · doi:10.1007/s00334-013-0409-z · Cited by 6
“…vegetation developments may contribute to a better understanding of early greenhouse effects and climate change by assessing land-cover changes in northern Europe during the mid Holocene (Ganopolski et al. 1998; Ruddiman 2003; Kaplan et al. 2011) and hence deserve further careful attention.”
BackgroundWhat Drives the Climate: Man or Nature?
Tarasov, P. E., Brovkin, V. A., & Wagner, M. (2005) · PAGES news · doi:10.22498/pages.13.2.24 · Cited by 6
“suggested onset of the new glaciation (Ruddiman 2003)”
BackgroundInfluentialGeobiology of the Anthropocene
Schrag, D. P. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781118280874.ch22 · Cited by 7
“It is this reversal of greenhouse gases, Ruddiman claimed, that stabilized the climate of the Holocene and allowed human civilizations to flourish (Ruddiman, 2003, 2007).”
BackgroundHuman Impacts on Ecosystems: An Overview
Ehrlich, P. R., Kremen, C., & Ehrlich, A. H. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384719-5.00371-3 · Cited by 6
Schulp, C. J. E. (2009) · doi:10.18174/14356 · Cited by 6
“13 cultivation have decreased terrestrial carbon stocks and increased atmospheric CO2 and CH4 concentrations (Ruddiman, 2003).”
BackgroundPongratz, J. (2009) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · doi:10.17617/2.993955 · Cited by 6
“From this study, it thus seems implausible that regrowth on abandoned agricultural areas following epidemics and warfare, as suggested by Ruddiman [2007], caused the CO2 drops reconstructed from ice core data.”
BackgroundTerrace landscapes. Editorial to the special issue
Balbo, A. L., & Puy, A. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.001 · Cited by 6
“5 ka BP, well before the beginning of the industrial revolution (Ellis et al., 2013; Fuller et al., 2011; Ruddiman, 2003; Ruddiman, 2013; Ruddiman et al., 2015).”
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“However, more than half of this increase occurred since 1970 [49].”
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“Most Earth Scientists concur with the evidence of substantial disturbances in Earth ’ s late Holocene dynamics, or PSAC; some even view the Holocene as partially human-in fl uenced (Ruddiman, 2003; Ruddiman et al., 2020).”
BackgroundDie Antroposeen en historiese bewussyn
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BackgroundConservation biology and conservation paleobiology meet the Anthropocene together: history matters
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“The notable increase in atmospheric CO 2 toward the late Holocene, which is not observed in previous integlacials, has been attributed to early human activities, primarily the large‐scale conversion of natural lands to agriculture in southeast Asia (Ruddiman, 2003).”
BackgroundAgriculture and Holocene deforestation in eastern China
Dodson, J., Li, X., & Song, M. (2024) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2024.03.008 · Cited by 5
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The climate of the Holocene and its landscape and biotic impacts
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“…Earth’s surface for millennia (MartinezCortizas et al., 1999; Renberg et al., 2000), including hypothesised influences on atmospheric composition (Ruddiman, 2003), and it is clear that in many regions the cultural footprint has pushed environmental dynamics into states very different from those…”
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“According to Ruddiman (2003), large scale transfor mation of natural ecosystems by man during the several thousand years of the preindustrial era might be one of the factors that “switched over” the course of climatic changes from a tendency toward onset of a new glacial period to one of warming.”
BackgroundSchulte‐Bisping, H., Beese, F., & Dieffenbach-Fries, H. (2012) · European Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1007/s10342-012-0627-4 · Cited by 5
“For example preand post-industrial CO2-emissions from anthropogenic land use changes substantially have contributed to the post-glacial increase in atmospheric CO2-concentrations (Lal et al. 1999; Ruddiman 2003, 2005).”
BackgroundTrachtenberg, Z. (2015) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1002/2015ef000324 · Cited by 5
“Rousseau was likely not able to imagine that agriculture feeds back into the climate system [Ruddiman, 2003].”
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Riede, F. (2022) · Futures of Education Culture and Nature - Learning to Become · doi:10.7146/fecun.v1i.130246 · Cited by 6
“Moreover, the Ertebølle culture itself also interacted with expanding farming populations and could thus provide a stage for discussing the societal and – most pertinently here – environmental consequences of agriculture then (Ruddiman, 2003) and now.”
BackgroundClimate Change Impacts on Forests and Forest Products in the Mediterranean Area
Matteucci, G., Cammarano, M., Dezi, S., et al. (2012) · Advances in global change research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5772-1_5 · Cited by 5
Impacts of Climate on Soil Systemsand of Soil Systems on Climate
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Environmental Impacts—Terrestrial Ecosystems
Hölzel, N., Hickler, T., Kutzbach, L., Joosten, H., van Huissteden, J., & Hiederer, R. (2016) · Regional climate studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39745-0_11 · Cited by 4
“Most of the lowland forests in England, for example, had already been cleared 1000 years ago (Ruddiman 2003).”
BackgroundSedimenting stories: Italo Calvino and the extraordinary strata of the Anthropocene
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“Terrestrial ecosystems (soils and vegetation) may have contributed as much as 320 Pg C from prehistoric era to 1850 (Ruddiman, 2005) and about 158 Pg C from 1850 to 2006 (Canadell et al.”
BackgroundClimate Change Mitigation by Managing the Terrestrial Biosphere
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“It has been suggested that greenhouse gas emissions associated with Neolithic LULC changes were sufficiently large to offset climate cooling after the mid-Holocene (the overdue glaciation hypothesis: Ruddiman, 2003).”
BackgroundReforestation in northern China during the Ming Dynasty to counteract environmental degradation
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“Yet, modi fi cations of the Earth ’ s environment by human activity events (e.g. early agriculture development 39,40 , Columbian Exchange 41 , Industrial Revolution 42 ) still cannot be ignored before the “ Great Acceleration ” .”
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“…ecosystems, especially relating to the beginnings of agriculture, have been prominent scientific topics among paleoclimatologists and environmental archaeologists for more than a century (de-Menocal, 2001; Weiss and Bradley, 2001; Ruddiman, 2003, 2008; Zong et al., 2007; Dong et al., 2020, 2022).”
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Monsoon and deep ocean control of organic carbon burial in the southeastern Bay of Bengal
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Mehrotra, N., & Shah, S. K. (2018) · The Palaeobotanist · doi:10.54991/jop.2018.45 · Cited by 4
“Spatio–temporal variability in vegetation is a combined product of human activities and natural environmental changes throughout the Holocene (e.g. Ruddiman, 2003; Fyfe et al., 2013; Trondman, 2014; Trondman et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMologni, C., Revel, M., Bastian, L., Bayon, G., Bosch, D., Khalidi, L., & Vigier, N. (2022) · Comptes Rendus Géoscience · doi:10.5802/crgeos.169 · Cited by 4
Jenkins, W. (2023) · Journal of Religious Ethics · doi:10.1111/jore.12457 · Cited by 4
The closed carbon cycle in a managed, stable Anthropocene
Johnson, B. (2024) · The Anthropocene Review · doi:10.1177/20530196231184777 · Cited by 5
“…as a geologic marker for the Anthropocene (Bernhardt et al., 2017; Carson, 1962; Crutzen, 2002; Fairchild et al., 2021; Rubino et al., 2013; Ruddiman, 2003; Slaveykova, 2019; Waters et al., 2016; Wolff, 2011), another development during a “successful” Anthropocene will be that humans…”
BackgroundGeoethics: Basic Concepts and Its Potential for UNESCO Geoparks
Poch, J. (2018) · The Latin American studies book series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75373-7_2 · Cited by 4
Hollow Ecology and Anthropocene Scales of Measurement
Estók, S. C. (2018) · Mosaic · doi:10.1353/mos.2018.0029 · Cited by 4
The Anthropocene: scientific meaning and philosophical significance
Mendes, J. R. (2020) · Anthropocenica Revista de Estudos do Antropoceno e Ecocrítica · doi:10.21814/anthropocenica.3097 · Cited by 4
Ruddiman, W. F. (2013) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1029/2012gm001222 · Cited by 4
Self-citationChallenges and Opportunities of Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in Croplands
Stavi, I., & Lal, R. (2010) · Sustainable agriculture reviews · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9513-8_5 · Cited by 4
Yayoi Wave, Kofun Wave, and Timing: The Formation of the Japanese People and Japanese Language
Hong, W. (2005) · Korean studies · doi:10.1353/ks.2006.0007 · Cited by 4
How far have we come in Earth system science?
Kasting, J. F. (2013) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1002/2013ef000158 · Cited by 4
“Others [Ruddiman, 2003] think it may have begun thousands KASTING © 2013 The Authors.”
BackgroundResearch and Development Priorities Towards Recarbonization of the Biosphere
Lal, R., Lorenz, K. E., Hüttl, R. F., Schneider, B. U., & von Braun, J. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4159-1_25 · Cited by 5
Mayoral, A., Peiry, J., Berger, J., Simon, F., Vautier, F., & Miras, Y. (2018) · Geomorphology · doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.08.015 · Cited by 4
“Shifts in long-time climatic tendencies but also rapid climatic changes are of key importance to discuss topics like socio-environmental interactions over the longue durée, anthropogenic impacts in earth system, and global change (Crutzen & Stoermer, 2000; Ruddiman, 2003; Kaplan et al., 2011; Wanner et al., 2011; Flet…”
BackgroundInfluentialBloomfield, M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108683111.005 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Ruddiman, W. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ruddiman, William F.
- Venue
- Climatic Change
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 261-293
- ISSN
- 0165-0009 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-1480
- OpenAlex
- W2139562946
- Semantic Scholar
- 83a526a6d579874795e7852a395c3e44637efead
- Cited by
- 1,658
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 96 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 56
- FWCI
- 39.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Climatic Change (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Keywords
- anthropogenic greenhouse effect, atmospheric CO2, methane, Holocene, ancient agriculture, forest clearing, rice irrigation, Little Ice Age, bubonic plague, farm abandonment, forest regeneration, carbon sequestration, orbital forcing, paleoclimate, Industrial Revolution, global warming
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