The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Self-Regulated Learning as a Competence: Implications of Theoretical Models for Assessment Methods
Abstract
Lively research on self-regulated learning has produced a great number of models of self-regulated learning competence and it is still a challenge to integrate them within a single coherent framework. However, such a framework is necessary for, among other reasons, the development of valid assessment methods. We argue that one common characteristic of all models is that they consider the competence to make solid comparisons as a key competence of self-regulated learning. However, the kind of comparisons and the kind of standards used for these comparisons differ between models. The same is true for assessment methods. Valid assessment methods also have implemented comparisons and they also differ concerning the kind of comparison and the kind of standards used for assessment. In order to categorize both, models as well as assessment methods, we propose to distinguish between component models and process models of self-regulated learning. Component models imply the use of offline standards for assessment whereas process models imply the use of online standards. Both offline and online standards can be either quantitative or qualitative. We show that using qualitative standards leads to a higher validity of the assessment than using quantitative standards. This advantage of qualitative standards can be shown for both offline standards as well as online standards.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Coding is based on a quantitative approach (Wirth and Leutner 2008): the more points, the better the application of skills/strategies.”
From Transfer of metacognitive skills in self-regulated learning: an experimental training study (2020) · cites this paper as Wirth and Leutner 2008
Citations
Cites
(1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 19,180
Zimmerman, B. J. (2000) · Handbook of Self-Regulation · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50031-7 · Cited by 6,069
The Role of Goal Orientation in Self-Regulated Learning
Pintrich, P. R. (2000) · Handbook of Self-Regulation · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50043-3 · Cited by 5,173
Plans and the structure of behavior.
Miller, G. A., Galanter, E., & Pribram, K. H. (1960) · doi:10.1037/10039-000 · Cited by 4,630
(2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-109890-2.x5027-6 · Cited by 4,453
Acquisition of cognitive skill
Anderson, J. R. (1982) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.89.4.369 · Cited by 3,663
Reliability and Predictive Validity of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Mslq)
Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., Garcia, T., & Mckeachie, W. J. (1993) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164493053003024 · Cited by 3,646
Feedback and Self-Regulated Learning: A Theoretical Synthesis
Butler, D. L., & Winne, P. H. (1995) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543065003245 · Cited by 3,334
Metacognition in Educational Theory and Practice
Hacker, D. J., Dunlosky, J. T., & Graesser, A. C. (1998) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410602350 · Cited by 2,138
The role of motivation in promoting and sustaining self-regulated learning
Pintrich, P. R. (1999) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/s0883-0355(99)00015-4 · Cited by 2,096
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Artelt C., 2000, Strategisches Lernen
- Artelt C., 2006, Handbuch Lernstrategien, 337
- Baumert, J. Köller, O. (1996). Lernstrategien und schulische Leistungen [Learning strategies and school achievement]. In J. Möller, O. Köller (Eds.), Emotionen, Kognitionen und Schulleistung [Emotions, cognitions, and school achievement] (pp. 137–154). Weinheim: Beltz.
- Funke J., 1998, Finite Automaten als Instrumente zur Erfassung von Problemlösefähigkeiten bei Schülern
- Leutner D., 2006, Handbuch Lernstrategien, 162
- Lompscher J., 1994, LLF-Berichte 9, 114
- Pintrich P.R., 1991, The motivated strategies for learning questionnaire (MSLQ)
- Schlagmüller M., 2007, Würzburger Lesestrategie-Wissenstest für die Klassen 7–12 (WLST 7–12)
- Wild K.-P., 1992, LIST – Ein Verfahren zur Erfassung von Lernstrategien im Studium
- Wirth J., 2004, Selbstregulation von Lernprozessen
- Wirth J., 2005, Lernstrategien und Metakognition: Implikationen für Forschung und Praxis, 101
- Wirth J., 2006, Handbuch Lernstrategien, 172
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–157 of 157
Qian, J., Li, C., & Li, D. (2024) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2024.2375629 · Cited by 9
Beyond counting the correct responses: Metacognitive monitoring and score estimations in mathematics
Başokçu, T. O., & Güzel, M. A. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22665 · Cited by 6
Schreiner, C., Kraler, C., Berger, F., Hagleitner, W., Jesacher-Rößler, L., & Roßnagl, S. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Bildungsforschung · doi:10.1007/s35834-022-00352-8 · Cited by 6
Practical Ideas on Developing Learner Autonomy for Young Learners
Kaya, S. Ü., & Keçik, İ. (2021) · Studies in Self-Access Learning Journal · doi:10.37237/120306 · Cited by 8
Modelling, Assessing, and Promoting Competences for Self-Regulated Learning in Higher Education
Eckerlein, N., Dresel, M., Steuer, G., Först, N. M., Ziegler, A., Schmitz, B., Spiel, C., & Schober, B. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-27886-1_9 · Cited by 6
Technology-Supported Self-Regulated Language Learning: A Systematic Review
YALÇIN, C. (2024) · İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17679/inuefd.1396935 · Cited by 5
Grunschel, C., Dresel, M., Fries, S., Leutner, D., Wirth, J., Bäulke, L., Scheunemann, A., Schnettler, T., & Thies, D. O. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-32892-4_3 · Cited by 8
Self-citationSchlusche, C., Schnaubert, L., & Bodemer, D. (2023) · Active Learning in Higher Education · doi:10.1177/14697874231168343 · Cited by 6
Msayar, H. (2016) · Science Journal of Education · doi:10.11648/j.sjedu.20160402.14 · Cited by 5
Merk, S., Batzel-Kremer, A., Bohl, T., Kleinknecht, M., & Leuders, T. (2021) · Unterrichtswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s42010-021-00101-2 · Cited by 6
Otto, B., Perels, F., & Schmitz, B. (2015) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-19994-8_3 · Cited by 5
Förderung von Lebenslangem Lernen – eine Aufgabe der Schule
Spiel, C., Lüftenegger, M., Wagner, P., Schober, B., & Finsterwald, M. (2011) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-94025-0_22 · Cited by 5
Koeppen, K., Hartig, J., Klieme, E., & Leutne, D. (2013) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6091-867-4_13 · Cited by 5
Increasing the metacognitive awareness of high school students
Mcfarland, M. F. (2013) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University) · Cited by 4
Händel, M., Nett, U. E., Bryce, D., & Dresel, M. (2025) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102748 · Cited by 4
How to foster learning by limiting the response speed
Casadevante, C., Ortner, T. M., Romero, M., Hernández, J. M., & Santacreu, J. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01784-7 · Cited by 4
Wullschleger, A., Rickenbacher, A., Rechsteiner, B., Grob, U., & Merki, K. M. (2022) · Research in Education · doi:10.1177/00345237221090540 · Cited by 4
Coşkun, A., & Ghaemı, H. (2015) · International Online Journal of Educational Sciences · doi:10.15345/iojes.2015.02.006 · Cited by 4
Self-Regulated Learning Strategies of Active Procrastinating Pre-University Students
Jeyavel, S. (2018) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology · doi:10.25115/ejrep.v16i45.2096 · Cited by 4
Assessment of Strategic Knowledge of Learning From Errors in Higher Education
Pfost, M., & Hübner, V. (2024) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000341 · Cited by 3
Scierri, I. D. M., & Capperucci, D. (2021) · EDUCATION SCIENCES AND SOCIETY · doi:10.3280/ess2-2021oa12396 · Cited by 3
A Framework of Rhetorical Moves Designed to Scaffold the Research Proposal Development Process
Reddy, C. D. (2023) · International journal of doctoral studies · doi:10.28945/5088 · Cited by 3
Knowledge effects of action-related reactions to errors
Spear, J., Tulis, M., & Dresel, M. (2024) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2024.2426549 · Cited by 3
Chytrý, V., Říčan, J., & Medová, J. (2019) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math7121245 · Cited by 3
Composantes métacognitives ; définitions et outils d’évaluation
Frenkel, S. (2014) · Enfance · doi:10.4074/s0013754514004029 · Cited by 26
Teachers' beliefs and practices related to student self-regulation in the classroom
Ashe, M. (2015) · JMU Scholoraly Commons (James Madison University) · Cited by 3
Effekte kognitiver und motivationaler Faktoren auf das Verstehen und Lernen von Texten
Schaffner, E. (2010) · Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver · doi:10.17169/refubium-6255 · Cited by 3
Human Capital Competence and Proficiency
García-Pérez, A., Cegarra‐Navarro, J., Bedford, D., Thomas, M., & Wakabayashi, S. (2019) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-78973-767-720191015 · Cited by 2
Klug, J., & Popelka, L. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-32272-4_19 · Cited by 2
Başokçu, T. O., & Güzel, M. A. (2020) · TED EĞİTİM VE BİLİM · doi:10.15390/eb.2020.7991 · Cited by 2
Baßeng, G., & Budke, A. (2024) · GW-Unterricht · doi:10.1553/gw-unterricht172s5 · Cited by 2
MacDonald, V. A. (2015) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 2
Pfost, M., Neuenhaus, N., Kuntner, P., Becker, S., Goppert, S., & Werner, A. (2023) · die hochschullehre · doi:10.3278/hsl2005w · Cited by 2
Empirical Education Research on the Effectiveness and Quality of Learning and Instruction
Hoidn, S. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-94941-0_3 · Cited by 2
Grobe, S. E., Könen, T., Rocker, C., Grüneisen, L., Dörrenbächer-Ulrich, L., Perels, F., & Karbach, J. (2025) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2025.101644 · Cited by 2
Bergen, A., Dörrenbächer‐Ulrich, L., & Karlen, Y. (2026) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-026-09489-7 · Cited by 1
The role of self-regulation strategies on two- and four-year college students with ADHD
Haig, J. D. (2012) · doi:10.25549/usctheses-c3-96836 · Cited by 1
Wirth, J., Schütte, M., Wixfort, J., & Leutner, D. (2017) · Methodology of educational measurement and assessment · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50030-0_6 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLaka, L. (2020) · SAPA - Jurnal Kateketik dan Pastoral · Cited by 1
Berger, F., Kraler, C., & Schreiner, C. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Bildungsforschung · doi:10.1007/s35834-024-00453-6 · Cited by 1
Hao, Q., Barnes, B., Branch, R. M., & Wright, E. (2016) · Western CEDAR (Western Washington University) · Cited by 1
ADOLESCENT SELF-REGULATED LEARNING DEVELOPMENT IN SCHOOL: A PSYCHO-EDUCATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Moseki, M. M. (2013) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 1
Schneider, C., Weber, C., & Ludwig, P. H. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137467744_4
Flipped Classroom: un'analisi delle componenti motivazionali e autoregolative
Magistrale, L. (2015)
A Comparison of Hybrid/Online and Lecture College Courses
Paquin, K. (2012) · Digital Commons (Providence College)
Bhrahmbhatt, C. (2020) · IAAR Journal of Education Peer-Reviewed Journal · doi:10.58213/education.v2i2.19
Nett, U. E., & Götz, T. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-69557-9_6
Selbstreguliertes Lernen der Schülerinnen und Schüler in der Vorbereitung auf das Abitur
Merki, K. M., & Holmeier, M. (2012) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-94023-6_13
Leppla, L. C., & Seibert, J. (2025) · Chemistry Teacher International · doi:10.1515/cti-2025-0021
Individuelle und soziale Regulation von Lernprozessen im Projektunterricht unterstützen
Pesch, M., & Langner, A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-49053-9_2 · Cited by 1
Business-led informal STEM outreach: bridging industry, education, and workforce development
Alston-Socha, W., Rogers, K., Hudson, K. N., & Campbell, T. (2026) · Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Science Education Research · doi:10.1186/s43031-026-00161-3 · Cited by 1
Stöckel, T., Borgmann, S., Stuhr, C., & Klatt, S. (2026) · Journal of Applied Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1026/2941-7597/a000070
Bergmann, A., & Knippels, M. P. J. (2026) · Journal of Biological Education · doi:10.1080/00219266.2026.2719536
Schuler, N. (2026) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-026-10293-z
Metadata
- Authors
- Wirth, J., & Leutner, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- Venue
- Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology
- Publisher
- Hogrefe Publishing Group
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 216
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 102-110
- ISSN
- 0044-3409 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1924037407
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 8.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Zeitschrift für Psychologie (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational and Psychological Assessments
- Social Sciences › Education › Student Assessment and Feedback
- Keywords
- student self-regulation, competence model, component models, process model, assessment validity, quantitative standards
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review