Social Fears in Adolescence: The Social Anxiety and Avoidance Scale for Adolescents
Abstract
This study describes the development, factor structure, psychometric properties, and validity of the Social Anxiety and Avoidance Scale for Adolescents (SAASA). Two subscales assessing discomfort and avoidance of typical social situations faced by adolescents constitute the SAASA. Both subscales revealed good internal consistency and temporal stability. Convergent validity was determined comparing the Social Anxiety and Avoidance Scale for Adolescents (SAASA) scores to Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents scores (SAS-A), scores for general anxiety (Revised Childrens Manifest Anxiety Scale, RCMAS), and scores for depression (Childrens Depression Inventory, CDI) . Confirmatory factor analyses supported six distinct factors revealing different dimensions of social fears. The SAASA effectively discriminated between adolescents with social phobia with and without comorbid diagnoses, and adolescents with social phobia from adolescents with other anxiety disorders or without any disorder. These results suggest that the SAASA is a valid instrument to use in the clinical assessment and research on adolescent social phobia.
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The SAASA has demonstrated good convergent and divergent validities as well as test-retest reliability.
“The SAASA has also demonstrated good convergent and divergent validities as well as test-retest reliability (Cunha et al., 2008).”
From Psychological inflexibility explains social anxiety over time: a mediation analyses with a clinical adolescent sample (2024) · cites this paper as Cunha et al., 2008
The SAASA has the capacity to discriminate adolescents with SAD from adolescents with other anxiety disorders and without psychopathology.
“and the capacity to discriminate adolescents with SAD from adolescents with other anxiety disorders and without psychopathology (Cunha et al., 2008).”
From Psychological inflexibility explains social anxiety over time: a mediation analyses with a clinical adolescent sample (2024) · cites this paper as Cunha et al., 2008
In its original Portuguese version, the SAASA presented good internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha values over 0.87 for factors and total scores.
“In its original Portuguese version, the SAASA presented good internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha values over 0.87 for factors and total scores (Cunha et al., 2008).”
From Psychological inflexibility explains social anxiety over time: a mediation analyses with a clinical adolescent sample (2024) · cites this paper as Cunha et al., 2008
The SAASA consists of 34 items assessing the degree of anxiety and frequency of avoidance in social situations representative of the most frequent social fears during adolescence.
“Social Anxiety and Avoidance Scale for Adolescents (SAASA; [88]). The SAASA consists of 34 items assessing the degree of anxiety and frequency of avoidance in social situations representative of the most frequent social fears during adolescence.”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy as a transdiagnostic approach to adolescents with different anxiety disorders: study protocol. (2025) · cites this paper as [88]
The SAASA has demonstrated good test-retest reliability, convergent and divergent validities, capacity to discriminate adolescents with SAD from adolescents with other anxiety disorders and adolescents without psychopathology, and sensitivity to treatment results.
“The SAASA has also demonstrated good test–retest reliability, convergent and divergent validities in relation to measures of anxiety, social anxiety and depression, capacity to discriminate adolescents with SAD from adolescents with other anxiety disorders and adolescents without psychopathology [88], and sensitivity to treatment results [89].”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy as a transdiagnostic approach to adolescents with different anxiety disorders: study protocol. (2025) · cites this paper as [88]
Each SAASA subscale is comprised of six factors: interaction with the opposite sex, assertive interaction, observation by others, interaction in new social situations, performance in social situations, and eating and drinking in public.
“Each subscale is comprised of six factors: interaction with the opposite sex, assertive interaction, observation by others, interaction in new social situations, performance in social situations, and eating and drinking in public.”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy as a transdiagnostic approach to adolescents with different anxiety disorders: study protocol. (2025) · cites this paper as [88]
In its validation study, the SAASA total score and subscales achieved Cronbach's alpha values over 0.61.
“In its validation study, the SAASA total score and subscales achieved Cronbach’s alpha values over 0.61 [88].”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy as a transdiagnostic approach to adolescents with different anxiety disorders: study protocol. (2025) · cites this paper as [88]
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- Authors
- Cunha, M., Gouveia, J. P., & do Céu Salvador, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Coimbra (PT)
- Cognitive-Behavioral Department of the Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Coimbra University, Portugal
- ORCID
- Cunha, Marina
- Venue
- European Psychologist
- Publisher
- Hogrefe Publishing Group
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 197-213
- ISSN
- 1016-9040 (ISSN-L)
- 1878-531X
- OpenAlex
- W2116716435
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- social anxiety, social avoidance, scale development, factor structure, psychometric properties, comorbidities, anxiety disorders, depression, general anxiety, clinical evaluation
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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