The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.
Antidepressants and the Placebo Effect
Open accessAbstract
Antidepressants are supposed to work by fixing a chemical imbalance, specifically, a lack of serotonin in the brain. Indeed, their supposed effectiveness is the primary evidence for the chemical imbalance theory. But analyses of the published data and the unpublished data that were hidden by drug companies reveals that most (if not all) of the benefits are due to the placebo effect. Some antidepressants increase serotonin levels, some decrease it, and some have no effect at all on serotonin. Nevertheless, they all show the same therapeutic benefit. Even the small statistical difference between antidepressants and placebos may be an enhanced placebo effect, due to the fact that most patients and doctors in clinical trials successfully break blind. The serotonin theory is as close as any theory in the history of science to having been proved wrong. Instead of curing depression, popular antidepressants may induce a biological vulnerability making people more likely to become depressed in the future.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For SSRIs, researchers have argued that a substantial portion of the perceived therapeutic benefit in double-blind randomized clinical trials (RCTs) may stem from placebo responses rather than the drug itself (Sugarman et al., 2014; Fournier et al., 2010; Kirsch, 2014; Moncrieff and Kirsch, 2015).”
From Revisiting the SSRI vs. placebo debate in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: the role of expectancy effects, neural responsivity, and monoamine transporters (2025) · cites this paper as Kirsch, 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“but, since an active placebo was not used, this could be related to the “breaking of the blind effect” (Kirsch, 2014).”
From Revisiting the SSRI vs. placebo debate in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: the role of expectancy effects, neural responsivity, and monoamine transporters (2025) · cites this paper as Kirsch, 2014
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Wisniewski, S. R., Nierenberg, A. A., Stewart, J. W., Warden, D., Niederehe, G., Thase, M. E., Lavori, P. W., Lebowitz, B. D., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1905 · Cited by 5,643
The American Journal of Psychiatry
(2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp · Cited by 2,616
Kirsch, I., Deacon, B. J., Huedo-Medina, T. B., Scoboria, A., Moore, T. J., & Johnson, B. T. (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045 · Cited by 2,442
Self-citationSelective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy
Turner, E. H., Matthews, A. M., Linardatos, E., Tell, R. A., & Rosenthal, R. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa065779 · Cited by 2,435
Antidepressant Drug Effects and Depression Severity: A Patient-Level Meta-analysis
Fournier, J. C., DeRubeis, R. J., Hollon, S. D., Dimidjian, S., Amsterdam, J. D., Shelton, R. C., & Fawcett, J. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1943 · Cited by 2,009
Exercise Treatment for Major Depression: Maintenance of Therapeutic Benefit at 10 Months
Babyak, M., Blumenthal, J. A., Herman, S., Khatri, P., Doraiswamy, M., Moore, K., Edward Craighead, W., Baldewicz, T. T., & Ranga Krishnan, K. (2000) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200009000-00006 · Cited by 1,063
Placebos without Deception: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Kaptchuk, T. J., Friedlander, E., Kelley, J. M., Sanchez, M. N., Kokkotou, E., Singer, J. P., Kowalczykowski, M., Miller, F. G., Kirsch, I., & Lembo, A. J. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015591 · Cited by 900 · cited 2×
“My colleagues and I have tested and confirmed the hypothesis that placebos can be effective even when given openly, without deception, when given in the context of a warm therapeutic relationship and with an honest but convincing rationale as to why they should be effective (Kaptchuk et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationPrevalence, burden, and treatment of insomnia in primary care
(1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.10.1417 · Cited by 694 · cited 2×
“If that is the case, then the mere promise of an effective treatment should help to alleviate depression, by replacing hopelessness with hopefulness – the hope that one will recover after all.”
BackgroundMelander, H., Ahlqvist-Rastad, J., Meijer, G., & Beermann, B. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7400.1171 · Cited by 634
Treatment-Emergent Sexual Dysfunction Related to Antidepressants: A Meta-Analysis
Serretti, A., & Chiesa, A. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181a5233f · Cited by 583
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Beutler L. E., 1998, Prevention & Treatment, 1, 3c
- Fountoulakis K. N., 2011, International Journal of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, 14, 405
- Kirsch I., 1998, Prevention & Treatment, 1, 7r
- Klein D. F., 1998, Prevention & Treatment, 1, 6c
- Leber P., 1998, Memoradum to the Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
- NICE, 2004, Depression: Management of depression in primary and secondary care [Clinical practice guideline 23]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
More treatment but no less depression: The treatment-prevalence paradox
Ormel, J., Hollon, S. D., Kessler, R. C., Cuijpers, P., & Monroe, S. M. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102111 · Cited by 213
Kirmayer, L. J., Gómez-Carrillo, A., & Veissière, S. P. L. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.034 · Cited by 156
Galvão-Coelho, N. L., Marx, W., Gonzalez, M., Sinclair, J., de Manincor, M., Perkins, D., & Sarris, J. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05719-1 · Cited by 137
The role of lipid biomarkers in major depression
Parekh, A., Smeeth, D., Milner, Y., & Thuret, S. (2017) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare5010005 · Cited by 120
Ormel (2019) · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000505 · Cited by 102
The Placebo and Nocebo Phenomena: Their Clinical Management and Impact on Treatment Outcomes
Chavarria, V., Vian, J., Pereira, C. L., Data-Franco, J., Fernandes, B. S., Berk, M., & Dodd, S. (2017) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.01.031 · Cited by 121
Syme, K., & Hagen, E. H. (2019) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23965 · Cited by 80
Wagner, S., Engel, A., Engelmann, J., Herzog, D., Dreimüller, N., Müller, M. B., Tadić, A., & Lieb, K. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.07.003 · Cited by 73
Marschall, J., Fejer, G., Lempe, P., Prochazkova, L., Kuchar, M., Hajkova, K., & van Elk, M. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811211050556 · Cited by 72
Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH): Role in REM Sleep and Depression
Torterolo, P., Scorza, C., Lagos, P., Urbanavicius, J., Benedetto, L., Pascovich, C., López‐Hill, X., Chase, M. H., & Monti, J. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00475 · Cited by 74
Chen, X., Zou, K., Abdullah, N., Whiteside, N., Sarmanova, A., Doherty, M., & Zhang, W. (2017) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-017-3595-8 · Cited by 69
Mills, K. A., Greene, M. C., Dezube, R., Goodson, C., Karmarkar, T., & Pontone, G. M. (2018) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4834 · Cited by 63
MicroRNAs as critical biomarkers of major depressive disorder: a comprehensive perspective
Ortega, M. A., Alvarez-Mon, M. A., García-Montero, C., Fraile-Martinez, O., Lahera, G., Monserrat, J., Muñoz-Merida, L., Mora, F., Rodríguez-Jiménez, R., Fernandez-Rojo, S., et al. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9111659 · Cited by 57
Nutrition, Epigenetics, and Major Depressive Disorder: Understanding the Connection
Ortega, M. A., Fraile‐Μartinez, O., Montero, C. G., Álvarez-Mon, M. Á., Lahera, G., Monserrat, J., Llavero-Valero, M., Mora, F., Rodríguez–Jiménez, R., Fernández-Rojo, S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.867150 · Cited by 59
Drug Permeability: From the Blood–Brain Barrier to the Peripheral Nerve Barriers
Sun, Y., Zabihi, M., Li, Q., Li, X., Kim, B. J., Ubogu, E. E., Raja, S. N., Wesselmann, U., & Zhao, C. (2023) · Advanced Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/adtp.202200150 · Cited by 59
Jensen, J. S., Bielefeldt, A. Ø., & Hróbjartsson, A. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.03.001 · Cited by 49
Long-term Sustained Cognitive Benefits of Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Refractory Depression
Jodoin, V. D., Richer, F., Miron, J., Fournier‐Gosselin, M., & Lespérance, P. (2018) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000502 · Cited by 50
Priebe, S., Conneely, M., McCabe, R., & Bird, V. (2019) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796019000428 · Cited by 53
Meta-Analysis of Placebo Response in Adult Antidepressant Trials
Li, F., Nasir, M., Olten, B., & Bloch, M. H. (2019) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-019-00662-y · Cited by 41
Sabella, D. (2018) · AJN American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.naj.0000544978.56301.f6 · Cited by 42
Aalbers, S., Vink, A. C., Freeman, R. E., Pattiselanno, K., Spreen, M., & van Hooren, S. (2019) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2019.101584 · Cited by 45
Dames, S., Kryskow, P., & Watler, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.803279 · Cited by 50
Aifred Health, a Deep Learning Powered Clinical Decision Support System for Mental Health
Benrimoh, D. A., Fratila, R., Israel, S. A., Perlman, K., Mirchi, N., Desai, S., Rosenfeld, A., Knappe, S., Behrmann, J., Rollins, C. P. E., et al. (2018) · The Springer series on challenges in machine learning · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94042-7_13 · Cited by 41
Barbu, M. C., Huider, F., Campbell, A., Amador, C., Adams, M. J., Lynall, M.-E., Howard, D. M., Walker, R. M., Morris, S. W., Van Dongen, J., et al. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01412-7 · Cited by 43
Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors: An overview.
Joshi, A. (2018) · PubMed · Cited by 39
Mitha, K. (2020) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461520962603 · Cited by 50
Khushboo, Siddiqi, N. J., Pereira, M. D. L., & Sharma, B. (2022) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-022-02780-z · Cited by 40
Szigeti, B., Nutt, D., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Erritzøe, D. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34938-7 · Cited by 38
On the evidentiary standards for nutrition advice
Jukola, S. (2018) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2018.05.007 · Cited by 35
The benefits of antidepressants: news or fake news?
Parker, G. B. (2018) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2018.98 · Cited by 35
Big Data analytics and artificial intelligence in mental healthcare
Rosenfeld, A., Benrimoh, D. A., Armstrong, C., Mirchi, N., Langlois-Therrien, T., Rollins, C. P. E., Tanguay-Sela, M., Mehltretter, J., Fratila, R., Israel, S. A., et al. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820203-6.00001-1 · Cited by 67
Warren, J. B. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m3200 · Cited by 30
Neuroessentialism: Theoretical and Clinical Considerations
Schultz, W. (2015) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167815617296 · Cited by 28
Assiri, K. I., Alyami, Y. D., Uyanik, J. M., & Romero‐Reyes, M. (2016) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2016.10.014 · Cited by 26
Serotonin and Depression: Scrutiny of New Targets for Future Anti- Depressant Drug Development
Pannu, A. S., & Goyal, R. K. (2023) · Current Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1389450124666230425233727 · Cited by 25
Evaluation of vilazodone for the treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders
Stuivenga, M., Giltay, E. J., Cools, O., Roosens, L., Neels, H., & Sabbe, B. (2019) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1549542 · Cited by 24
Mahady, A., Takac, M., & Foe, A. D. (2023) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2023.103477 · Cited by 28
The antidepressant standoff: Why it continues and how to resolve it
Ormel, J., Spinhoven, P., de Vries, Y. A., Cramer, A. O. J., Siegle, G. J., Bockting, C. L. H., & Hollon, S. D. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719003295 · Cited by 22
Yusuf, M., Khan, M., Khan, R. A., Maghrabi, I. A., & Ahmed, B. (2016) · Journal of Microencapsulation · doi:10.1080/02652048.2016.1242666 · Cited by 22
Efficacy of antidepressants: bias in randomized clinical trials and related issues
Wang, S.-M., Han, C., Lee, S.-J., Jun, T.-Y., Patkar, A. A., Masand, P. S., & Pae, C.-U. (2018) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2017.1377070 · Cited by 20
Big Data Analytics and AI in Mental HealthcarePreprint
Rosenfeld, A., Benrimoh, D., Armstrong, C., Mirchi, N., Langlois-Therrien, T., Rollins, C. P. E., Tanguay-Sela, M., Mehltretter, J., Fratila, R., Israel, S., et al. (2019) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1903.12071 · Cited by 19
Macrodosing to microdosing with psychedelics: Clinical, social, and cultural perspectives
Kaypak, A. C., & Raz, A. (2022) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615221119386 · Cited by 22
Fukuda, A. M., Hindley, L. E., Kang, J. W. D., Tirrell, E., Tyrka, A. R., Ayala, A., & Carpenter, L. L. (2020) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000001523 · Cited by 19
tDCS randomized controlled trials in no-structural diseases: a quantitative review
Gianni, E., Bertoli, M., Simonelli, I., Paulon, L., Tecchio, F., & Pasqualetti, P. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95084-6 · Cited by 18
The ‘affect tagging and consolidation’ (ATaC) model of depression vulnerability
Harrington, M. O., Pennington, K., & Durrant, S. J. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.02.003 · Cited by 19
van Os, J., & Köhne, A. C. J. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721000167 · Cited by 18
Psychosoziale Faktoren bei Schmerz und Schmerzbehandlung
Eich, W., Diezemann, A., Hasenbring, M. I., Hüppe, M., Kaiser, U., Nilges, P., Tesarz, J., & Klinger, R. (2022) · Der Schmerz · doi:10.1007/s00482-022-00633-1 · Cited by 18
Illuminating the way: the role of bright light therapy in the treatment of depression
Rajačić, B. K., Šagud, M., Pivac, N., & Begić, D. (2023) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2023.2273396 · Cited by 19
An augmentation study of MSI-195 (S-adenosylmethionine) in Major Depressive Disorder
Targum, S. D., Cameron, B. R., Ferreira, L., & MacDonald, I. D. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.10.010 · Cited by 18
Early score fluctuation and placebo response in a study of major depressive disorder
Targum, S. D., Cameron, B. R., Ferreira, L., & MacDonald, I. D. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.11.014 · Cited by 17
Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in Pediatric Populations
Neavin, D. R., Joyce, J., & Swintak, C. C. (2018) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases6020048 · Cited by 16
Cao, B., Liu, Y. S., Selvitella, A., Librenza‐Garcia, D., Passos, I. C., Sawalha, J., Ballester, P. L., Chen, J., Dong, S., Wang, F., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99534-z · Cited by 15
Maffeo, N. N., Springer, C. M., & Albright, J. D. (2023) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2023.06.004 · Cited by 15
Doblytė, S. (2020) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732320918531 · Cited by 19
Theory construction in the psychopathology domain: A multiphase approach
Hawkins-Elder, H., & Ward, T. J. (2019) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354319893026 · Cited by 15
Neurofeedback as placebo: a case of unintentional deception?
Kalokairinou, L., Sullivan, L. S., & Wexler, A. (2021) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/medethics-2021-107435 · Cited by 15
Stahl, S. M., & Greenberg, G. D. (2019) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13000 · Cited by 15
Effect of Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback on Infra-Slow EEG Fluctuations
Grin-Yatsenko, V. A., Ponomarev, V. A., Kara, O., Wandernoth, B., Gregory, M., Ilyukhina, V. A., & Kropotov, J. D. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.77154 · Cited by 13
Differences in the placebo response in duloxetine and venlafaxine trials
Breilmann, J., Furukawa, T. A., Becker, T. M., & Koesters, M. (2018) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12881 · Cited by 14
Dai, F., Wengler, K., He, X., Wang, J., Yang, J., Parsey, R. V., & DeLorenzo, C. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03292-9 · Cited by 12
Using Physical Activity to Tackle Depression: The Neglected Positive Psychology Intervention
Lambert, L., D'Cruz, A., Schlatter, M. C., & Barron, F. (2016) · Middle East Journal of Positive Psychology · Cited by 12
The rebirth of psychosocial importance in a drug-filled world.
Greenberg, R. P. (2016) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000054 · Cited by 12
Donnelly, B. M., Hsu, D. T., Gardus, J. D., Wang, J., Yang, J., Parsey, R. V., & DeLorenzo, C. (2023) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103553 · Cited by 10
Erdfelder, E., & Bošnjak, M. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000249 · Cited by 9
Improving Community Mental Health Services: The Need for a Paradigm Shif.
Longden, E., Read, J., & Dillon, J. (2016) · PubMed · Cited by 10
The Chemical Imbalance Hypothesis: An Evaluation of the Evidence
Schultz, W. (2015) · Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1891/1559-4343.17.1.60 · Cited by 8
Network meta-analysis of antidepressants
Warren, J. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31797-5 · Cited by 8
Sadeghi, A., Ghorayshi, F., Baghshahi, H., Akbari, H., Memarzadeh, M. R., Taghizadeh, M., & Safaei, A. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22038/ajp.2023.21707 · Cited by 7
Placebo effects basic mechanisms and clinical applications
Klinger, R. (2014) · Cited by 7
Are the SSRI antidepressants safe in pregnancy? Understanding the debate
Urato, A. C. (2015) · International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine · doi:10.3233/jrs-150646 · Cited by 7
Sun, Y., Zhao, J., & Rong, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1054726 · Cited by 8
Pérez, A., Cabrera, P., Gutierrez, C. M., & Valdes, J. (2017) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/0145721717697191 · Cited by 7
Placebo Effect and Its Determinants in Ocular Hypotensive Therapy
Choe, S., Kim, Y. K., woo-Suk, C., Ko, D., Lee, M., Shim, S. R., & Ha, A. (2023) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2023.06.012 · Cited by 6
Lin, K., Sunko, D., Wang, J., Yang, J., Parsey, R. V., & DeLorenzo, C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-61519-z · Cited by 5
From competition to co-operation: Shifting the “one best model” perspective
Hawkins-Elder, H., & Ward, T. (2021) · Theory & psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354321995900 · Cited by 3
The Importance of Patient Expectations: A Mixed-Methods Study of U.S. Psychiatrists
Rosenfield, M. N., & Bernstein, M. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.781494 · Cited by 6
The antidepressant effect of physical exercise: Evidence from China Family Panel Studies
Ren, C., Wang, C., & Zhang, M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0274321 · Cited by 6
Placebo effects during the waiting period for psychotherapy in patients with depression
Schienle, A., & Jurinec, N. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04206-4 · Cited by 6
Hanania, N. A., Yohannes, A. M., Ozol-Godfrey, A., Tocco, M., Goodin, T. H., Sharma, S., & Sanjar, S. (2021) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s294053 · Cited by 6
Tratamento medicamentoso para depressão e prevenção quaternária
Pereira, M. T. C. G., de Souza, F. A. M., & Cardoso, F. M. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade · doi:10.5712/rbmfc16(43)2568 · Cited by 6
Hvidberg, M. F. (2023) · Mental Health Science · doi:10.1002/mhs2.14 · Cited by 5
West, T., & Katelaris, C. H. (2024) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Global · doi:10.1016/j.jacig.2024.100255 · Cited by 5
Early treatment response affects signal detection in a placebo-controlled depression study
Targum, S. D., & Catania, C. J. (2017) · Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pmip.2017.10.001 · Cited by 5
Twenty years after ‘Listening to Prozac but hearing placebo’. Do we hear placebo even louder?
Oronowicz-Jaśkowiak, W., & Bąbel, P. (2019) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr.2019.83383 · Cited by 6
Power dynamics of the healthcare field: seeking mental care in Lithuania
Doblytė, S. (2021) · Journal of Baltic Studies · doi:10.1080/01629778.2021.1934053 · Cited by 5
Galvin, M. (2020) · Psychology and Mental Health Care · doi:10.31579/2637-8892/076 · Cited by 5
COVID-19 vaccination and psychological status of Iranian dental students
Ghadirian, H., Khami, M. R., Tabatabaei, S. N., Mirhashemi, A., & Bahrami, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.946408 · Cited by 7
Approaches to a Complex Phenomenon
Klinger, R., & Colloca, L. (2014) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000175 · Cited by 5
Crippen, M. (2025) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-025-10098-z · Cited by 6
Casuistic Reasoning, Standards of Evidence, and Expertise on Elite Athletes’ Nutrition
Jukola, S. (2019) · Philosophies · doi:10.3390/philosophies4020019 · Cited by 4
Antidepressant-like effect of Albizia zygia root extract in murine models
Kumbol, V. W.-A., Abotsi, W. K. M., & Biney, R. P. (2020) · Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0310 · Cited by 4
Wang, J., Wu, D., DeLorenzo, C., & Yang, J. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299625 · Cited by 3
Kuckertz, A., Zhao, L., Kedo, O., Amunts, K., & Palomero‐Gallagher, N. (2025) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.70068 · Cited by 3
Is a Combination of Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy Superior to Each Alone?
Choi, K., & Kim, Y. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6577-4_21 · Cited by 4
Sánchez‐Iglesias, I., & Martín-Aguilar, C. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12093181 · Cited by 3
El último metaanálisis sobre antidepresivos: Nada nuevo bajo el sol
Sierra, M. D. C. (2018) · Clínica Contemporánea · doi:10.5093/cc2018a7 · Cited by 3
The placebo effect in general practice
Nolan, T. (2019) · InnovAiT Education and inspiration for general practice · doi:10.1177/1755738019842596 · Cited by 3
Moorey, S. (2017) · BJPsych Bulletin · doi:10.1192/pb.bp.116.055616 · Cited by 3
Joining the debate around psychiatric medication
Houghton, P. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Forum · doi:10.53841/bpscpf.2016.1.286.10 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Kirsch, I.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kirsch, Irving
- ORCID
- Kirsch, Irving
- Venue
- Zeitschrift für Psychologie
- Publisher
- Hogrefe Publishing Group
- Published
- 2014-01
- Volume
- 222
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 128-134
- ISSN
- 0044-3409 (ISSN-L)
- 2190-8370
- 2151-2604
- PMC
- PMC4172306
- OpenAlex
- W1974098282
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 7.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Zeitschrift für Psychologie (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- antidepressants, placebo effect, serotonin, chemical imbalance theory, depression, clinical trial data, publication bias, blinding, antidepressant efficacy, relapse
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
