The role of lipid biomarkers in major depression
Open accessAbstract
In the UK, the lifetime-documented prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is currently 10%. Despite its increasing prevalence and devastating impact on quality of life, the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning MDD remain to be fully elucidated. Current theories of neurobiological components remain incomplete and protein-centric, rendering pharmacological treatment options suboptimal. In this review, we highlight the pivotal role of lipids in intra- and inter-neuronal functioning, emphasising the potential use of lipids as biomarkers for MDD. The latter has significant implications for improving our understanding of MDD at the cellular and circuit level. There is particular focus on cholesterol (high and low density lipoprotein), omega-3, and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids due to established evidence in the literature of a link between atherosclerotic disease and major depression. We argue that there is significant potential scope for the use of such peripheral biomarkers in the diagnosis, stratification and treatment of MDD.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Lipid-related metabolites have been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of MDD.
“Thus, lipid related metabolites have also been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of MDD (Liu et al., 2016;Parekh et al., 2017;Shelton and Miller, 2010).”
From Tryptophan-kynurenine and lipid related metabolites as blood biomarkers for first-episode drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorder: An exploratory pilot case-control study (2018) · cites this paper as Parekh et al., 2017
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms of Depression: Perspectives on New Treatment Strategies
Lang, U. E., & Borgwardt, S. (2013) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000350094 · Cited by 8,501 · see citing works
Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals
Friedman, J. M., & Halaas, J. L. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/27376 · Cited by 5,405 · see citing works
Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development.
Simopoulos, A. (1991) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/54.3.438 · Cited by 2,162 · see citing works
Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases
Simopoulos, A. P. (2002) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2002.10719248 · Cited by 2,014 · see citing works
Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: nutrition or pharmacology?
Calder, P. C. (2012) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04374.x · Cited by 1,371 · see citing works
Association between obesity and psychiatric disorders in the US adult population
Simon, G. E., Von Korff, M., Saunders, K., Miglioretti, D. L., Crane, P. K., van Belle, G., & Kessler, R. C. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.7.824 · Cited by 1,338 · see citing works
Clinical diagnosis of depression in primary care: a meta-analysis
Mitchell, A. J., Vaze, A., & Rao, S. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60879-5 · Cited by 1,251 · see citing works
The Opposing Effects of N-3 and n-6 Fatty Acids
Schmitz, G., & Ecker, J. (2008) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2007.12.004 · Cited by 1,245 · see citing works
Dietschy, J. M., & Turley, S. D. (2004) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r400004-jlr200 · Cited by 1,095 · see citing works
Brain Cholesterol: Long Secret Life Behind a Barrier
Björkhem, I., & Meaney, S. (2004) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000120374.59826.1b · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
Depression and cardiac mortality: results from a community-based longitudinal study.
Penninx, B., Beekman, A., Honig, A., Deeg, D., Schoevers, R., van Eijk, J., & van Tilburg, W. V. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.3.221 · Cited by 983 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Ho, R. C.-M., & Mak, A. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.003 · Cited by 948 · see citing works
Jiang, W., Alexander, J., Christopher, E., Kuchibhatla, M., Gaulden, L. H., Cuffe, M. S., Blazing, M. A., Davenport, C., Califf, R. M., Krishnan, R. R., et al. (2001) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.161.15.1849 · Cited by 934 · see citing works
Fish consumption and major depression
Hibbeln, J. R. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)79168-6 · Cited by 897 · see citing works
Health Implications of High Dietary Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Patterson, E., Wall, R., Fitzgerald, G. F., Ross, R. P., & Stanton, C. (2012) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2012/539426 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Tissue levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids during early human development
Martínez, M. (1992) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)81247-8 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
High cholesterol level is essential for myelin membrane growth
Saher, G., Brügger, B., Lappe-Siefke, C., Möbius, W., Tozawa, R.-I., Wehr, M. C., Wieland, F., Ishibashi, S., & Nave, K.-A. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1426 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
Cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis in the brain
Zhang, J., & Liu, Q. (2015) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1007/s13238-014-0131-3 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
D, M. F. M., & Kendler, K. S. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00112-4 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Depletion of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels in Red Blood Cell Membranes of Depressive Patients
Peet, M., Murphy, B., Shay, J., & Horrobin, D. F. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00206-0 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms and Risks of Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality in Elderly Americans
Ariyo, A. A., Haan, M. N., Tangen, C. M., Rutledge, J. C., Cushman, M., Dobs, A. S., & Furberg, C. D. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.102.15.1773 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and depression: when cholesterol does not satisfy
Hibbeln, J., & Salem, N. (1995) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/62.1.1 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
A meta-analytic review of polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions in patients with depression
Lin, P.-Y., Huang, S.-Y., & Su, K.-P. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.03.018 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Low serum cholesterol and suicide
Engelberg, H. (1992) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)90609-7 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Lin, P.-Y., & Su, K.-P. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v68n0712 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Edwards, R. (1998) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(97)00166-3 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Adams, P. B., Lawson, S., Sanigorski, A. J., & Sinclair, A. J. (1996) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/bf02637069 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Maes, M. H. J., Christophe, A. B., Delanghe, J., Altamura, C. A., Neels, H. M., & Meltzer, H. Y. (1999) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(99)00014-1 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Lipid fluidity markedly modulates the binding of serotonin to mouse brain membranes.
Heron, D. S., Shinitzky, M., Hershkowitz, M., & Samuel, D. (1980) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.77.12.7463 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) in Clinical Trials in Depression
Sublette, M. E., Ellis, S. P., Geant, A. L., & Mann, J. J. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.10m06634 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Lipid rafts in neuronal signaling and function.
Tsui-Pierchala, B. A., Encinas, M., Milbrandt, J., & Johnson, E. M. (2002) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(02)02215-4 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Maes, M., Smith, R., Christophe, A., Cosyns, P., Desnyder, R., & Meltzer, H. (1996) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(95)00092-5 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Chinese Adults: Role of Adiposity Indicators and Age
Xu, W., Zhang, H., Paillard‐Borg, S., Zhu, H., Qi, X., & Rizzuto, D. (2016) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000443003 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Understanding nutrition, depression and mental illnesses
Rao, T. S., Asha, M., Ramesh, B. N., & Rao, K. S. J. (2008) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0019-5545.42391 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Docosahexaenoic acid promotes hippocampal neuronal development and synaptic function
Cao, D., Kevala, K., Kim, J., Moon, H., Jun, S. B., Lovinger, D. M., & Kim, H. (2009) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06335.x · Cited by 403 · see citing works
A prospective evaluation of the directionality of the depression–inflammation relationship
Stewart, J. C., Rand, K. L., Muldoon, M. F., & Kamarck, T. W. (2009) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.04.011 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Smıth, D. J., Nicholl, B. I., Cullen, B., Martin, D. J., Haq, Z. U., Evans, J. J., Gill, J. M. R., Roberts, B. A., Gallacher, J., Mackay, D., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075362 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Maes, M. H. J., Smith, R., Christophe, A., Vandoolaeghe, E., Gastel, A. V., Neels, H. M., Demedts, P., Wauters, A., & Meltzer, H. Y. (1997) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09622.x · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Appleton, K. M., Rogers, P. J., & Ness, A. R. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28313 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Domenici, E., Willé, D. R., Tozzi, F., Prokopenko, I., Miller, S. L., McKeown, A., Brittain, C. F., Rujescu, D., Giegling, I., Turck, C. W., et al. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009166 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
The immune system, depression and the action of antidepressants
Leonard, B. E. (2001) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0278-5846(01)00155-5 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Peet, M., & Horrobin, D. F. (2002) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(01)00048-6 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
(2008) · PubMed · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein as a biomarker of cardiovascular diseases
Trpković, A., Resanović, I., Stanimirović, J., Radak, D. J., Mousa, S. A., Cenic-Milosevic, D., Jevremović, D., & Isenović, E. R. (2014) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.3109/10408363.2014.992063 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Cytokines: abnormalities in major depression and implications for pharmacological treatment
O’Brien, S. M., Scott, L. V., & Dinan, T. G. (2004) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.609 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Brain membrane lipids in major depression and anxiety disorders
Müller, C. P., Reichel, M., Mühle, C., Rhein, C., Gulbins, E., & Kornhuber, J. (2015) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.12.014 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of depression: systematic review and meta-analysis
Bloch, M. H., & Hannestad, J. O. (2011) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2011.100 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Bourre, J. M. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Plasma fatty acid composition and depression are associated in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study
Tiemeier, H. W., van Tuijl, H. R., Albert Hofman, D., Kiliaan, A. J., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.1.40 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Hamazaki, T., Sawazaki, S., Itomura, M., Asaoka, E., Nagao, Y., Nishimura, N., Yazawa, K., Kuwamori, T., & Kobayashi, M. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118507 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Bjerkeset, O. A., Romundstad, P., Evans, J., & Gunnell, D. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm280 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
RECOVERY, CHRONICITY, AND LEVELS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN MAJOR DEPRESSION
Mueller, T. I., & Leon, A. C. (1996) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70275-6 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Lifetime suicide risk in major depression: sex and age determinants
Blair-West, G. W., Cantor, C. H., Mellsop, G. W., & Eyeson‐Annan, M. (1999) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00004-x · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Whitney, E. J., Krasuski, R. A., Personius, B. E., Michalek, J. E., Maranian, A. M., Kolasa, M. W., Monick, E. A., Brown, B. G., & Gotto, A. M. (2005) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-2-200501180-00008 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Association of low serum total cholesterol with major depression and suicide
Partonen, T., Haukka, J. K., Virtamo, J. R. K., Taylor, P. R., & Lönnqvist, J. K. (1999) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.175.3.259 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Frasure‐Smith, N., Lespérance, F., & Julien, P. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.01.021 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
A possible role of neuropeptide Y in depression and stress
Morales‐Medina, J. C., Dumont, Y., & Quirion, R. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.077 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Recovery of brain docosahexaenoate leads to recovery of spatial task performance
Moriguchi, T., & Salem, N. (2003) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01966.x · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Membrane Cholesterol Modulates Serotonin Transporter Activity
Scanlon, S. M., Williams, D. C., & Schloss, P. D. (2001) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi010730z · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Plasma Metabonomics as a Novel Diagnostic Approach for Major Depressive Disorder
Zheng, P., Gao, H., Li, Q., Shao, W., Zhang, M. L., Cheng, K., Yang, D., Fan, S., Chen, L., Fang, L., et al. (2012) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr2010082 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Ma, K., Zhang, H., & Baloch, Z. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms17050733 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
The neuropeptide Y system: pathophysiological and therapeutic implications in obesity and cancer.
Zhang, L., Bijker, M., & Herzog, H. (2011) · Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.011 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Low Serum Cholesterol and Suicide
Hawton, K., Cowen, P., Owens, D. R., Bond, A., & Elliott, M. (1993) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.162.6.818 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Long chain omega-3 fatty acids intake, fish consumption and mental disorders in the SUN cohort study
Sánchez‐Villegas, A., Henríquez, P., Figueiras, A., Ortuño, F., Lahortiga‐Ramos, F., & Martínez‐González, M. Á. (2007) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-007-0671-x · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Antidepressants and the placebo effect
Kirsch, I. (2014) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000176 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Carrié, I., Clément, M., de Javel, D., Francès, H., & Bourre, J. M. (2000) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)34486-2 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Serum cholesterol concentration and death from suicide in men: Paris prospective study I
Zureik, M., Courbon, D., & Ducimetière, P. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7058.649 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Serum lipid concentrations in patients with major depressive disorder
Olusi, S. O., & Fido, A. A. (1996) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(95)00599-4 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Shin, J. Y., Suls, J. M., & Martin, R. (2008) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-008-9045-8 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
The role of HDL-cholesterol in preventing atherosclerotic disease
Barter, P. J. (2005) · European Heart Journal Supplements · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/sui036 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Cloning and Functional Expression of a Novel Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Synthetase Expressed in Brain1
Fujino, T., & Yamamoto, T. (1992) · The Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a123737 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Depression and serum low-density lipoprotein: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Persons, J. E., & Fiedorowicz, J. G. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.033 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Low cholesterol concentrations and severe depressive symptoms in elderly people
Brown, S. L., Salive, M. E., Harris, T. B., Simonsick, E. M., Guarlnik, J. M., & Kohout, F. J. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6940.1328 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Cholesterol and Mental Disorder
Boston, P. F., Dursun, S. M., & Reveley, M. A. (1996) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.169.6.682 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Low serum cholesterol in suicide attempters
Kunugi, H., Takei, N., Aoki, H., & Nanko, S. (1997) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(95)00672-9 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The thrifty lipids: endocannabinoids and the neural control of energy conservation
DiPatrizio, N. V., & Piomelli, D. (2012) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2012.04.006 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Ho, R., Niti, M., Kua, E. H., & Ng, T. P. (2007) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1893 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Woo, J., Kim, W. B., Hwang, T.-Y., Frick, K. D., Choi, B. H., Seo, Y.-J., Kang, E.-H., Kim, S. J., Ham, B., Lee, J., et al. (2011) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2010.11.006 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Lütjohann, D., Stroick, M., Bertsch, T., Kühl, S., Lindenthal, B., Thelen, K., Andersson, U., Björkhem, I., von Bergmann, K., & Fassbender, K. C. (2004) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2004.03.012 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
N-Docosahexaenoylethanolamide promotes development of hippocampal neurons
Kim, H., Moon, H., Cao, D., Lee, J., Kevala, K., Jun, S. B., Lovinger, D. M., Akbar, M. D., & Huang, B. X. (2011) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20102118 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms, Social Support, and Lipid Profile in Healthy Middle-Aged Women
Horsten, M., Wamala, S. P., Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., & Orth‐Gomér, K. (1997) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199709000-00009 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Yang, J. L., Liu, D. X., Jiang, H., Pan, F., Ho, C. S. H., & Ho, R. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep35239 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Alphonse, P. A. S., & Jones, P. J. H. (2015) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-015-4096-7 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The Naturalistic Course of Unipolar Major Depression in the Absence of Somatic Therapy
Posternak, M. A., Solomon, D. A., Leon, A. C., Mueller, T. I., Shea, M. T., Endicott, J., & Keller, M. B. (2006) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000217820.33841.53 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
High cholesterol levels in patients with panic disorder
Bajwa, W. K., Asnis, G. M., Sanderson, W. C., Irfan, A., & van Praag, H. M. (1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.3.376 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Treatment and T2 Whole Brain Relaxation Times in Bipolar Disorder
Hirashima, F., Parow, A. M., Stoll, A. L., Demopulos, C. M., Damico, K. E., Rohan, M. L., Eskesen, J. G., Zuo, C. S., Cohen, B. M., & Renshaw, P. F. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.161.10.1922 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Symptom dimensions of post-myocardial infarction depression, disease severity and cardiac prognosis
Martens, E. J., Hoen, P. W., Mittelhaeuser, M., de Jonge, P., & Denollet, J. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709990997 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Serum Ghrelin and Cholesterol Values in Suicide Attempters
Atmaca, M., Tezcan, E., Parmaksiz, S., Saribas, M., Özler, S., & Üstündağ, B. (2006) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000096039 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Montes, L. G. A., Valles-Sánchez, V., Moreno-Aguilar, J., Chavez-Balderas, R. A., García-Marín, J. A., Sotres, J. F. C., & Hheinze-Martin, G. (2000) · PubMed Central · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Statins use and risk of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Parsaik, A. K., Singh, B., M. Hassan, M., Singh, K., Mascarenhas, S. S., Williams, M. D., Lapid, M. I., Richardson, J. W., West, C. P., & Rummans, T. A. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.026 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Current Clinical Applications of Ω‐6 and Ω‐3 Fatty Acids
Lee, S., Gura, K. M., Kim, S., Arsenault, D. A., Bistrian, B. R., & Puder, M. (2006) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/0115426506021004323 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Serum cholesterol levels and suicidal tendencies in psychiatric inpatients.
Modai, I., Valevski, A., Dror, S., & Weizman, A. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Itomura, M., Hamazaki, K., Sawazaki, S., Kobayashi, M., TERASAWA, K., Watanabe, S., & Hamazaki, T. (2005) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.10.009 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Vinod, K. Y., Xie, S., Psychoyos, D., Hungund, B. L., Cooper, T. B., & Tejani‐Butt, S. M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036743 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Serum Leptin and Cholesterol Values in Suicide Attempters
Atmaca, M., Kuloğlu, M., Tezcan, E., Üstündağ, B., Geçici, Ö., & Firidin, B. (2002) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000054950 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Rabe‐Jabłońska, J., & Poprawska, I. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Awada, M., Meynier, A., Soulage, C. O., Hadji, L., Géloën, A., Viau, M., Ribourg, L., Benoit, B., Debard, C., Guichardant, M., et al. (2013) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-10-23 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Elevated lipid levels in vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder
Kagan, B. L., Leskin, G. A., Haas, B., WILKINS, J. N., & Foy, D. W. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00059-6 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Total cholesterol and suicidality in depression
Sullivan, P. F., Joyce, P. R., Bulik, C. M., Mulder, R. T., & Browne, M. A. O. (1994) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)90643-2 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
[Lipids, depression and suicide].
Colin, A., Reggers, J., Castronovo, V., & Ansseau, M. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Ghanizadeh, A., & Hedayati, A. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22195 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Long-Term Fish Intake Is Associated With Less Severe Depressive Symptoms Among Elderly Men and Women
Bountziouka, V. P., Polychronopoulos, E., Zeimbekis, A., Papavenetiou, E., Ladoukaki, E., Papairakleous, N., Gotsis, E., Metallinos, G., Lionis, C. D., & Panagiotakos, D. B. (2009) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264309340693 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Serum lipid profiles in major depression with clinical subtypes, suicide attempts and episodes
Huang, T. (2004) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2004.11.005 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Intranasal Leptin Reduces Appetite and Induces Weight Loss in Rats with Diet-Induced Obesity (DIO)
Schulz, C., Paulus, K., Jöhren, O., & Lehnert, H. (2011) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2011-1586 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Low Serum Cholesterol Concentration and Risk of Suicide
Ellison, L. F., & MORRISON, H. I. (2001) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-200103000-00007 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Lehto, S. M., Niskanen, L., Tolmunen, T., Hintikka, J., Viinamäki, H., Heiskanen, T., Honkalampi, K., Kokkonen, M., & Koivumaa‐Honkanen, H. (2010) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02079.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Depression, Suicide and Deficiencies of Omega–3 Essential Fatty Acids in Modern Diets
Hibbeln, J. R. (2008) · World review of nutrition and dietetics · doi:10.1159/000192992 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Lowered ω-3 PUFAs are related to major depression, but not to somatization syndrome
Riemer, S., Maes, M. H. J., Christophe, A. B., & Rief, W. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.08.004 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Longitudinal Associations Between Fish Consumption and Depression in Young Adults
Smith, K. J., Sanderson, K. A., McNaughton, S. A., Gall, S., Dwyer, T., & Venn, A. (2014) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwu050 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The significance of routine biochemical markers in patients with major depressive disorder
Peng, Y.-F., Xiang, Y., & Wei, Y.-S. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep34402 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Gross, R. W., Jenkins, C. M., Yang, J., et al. (2004) · Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators · doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2004.09.005 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Mayurasakorn, K., Niatsetskaya, Z. V., Sosunov, S. A., Williams, J. J., Zirpoli, H., Vlasakov, I., Deckelbaum, R. J., & Ten, V. S. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160870 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Low serum cholesterol is correlated to suicidality in a Korean sample
Kim, Y., Lee, H., Kim, J., Yoon, D., Choi, S., & Lee, M.-S. (2002) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.10352.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Sevinçok, L., Büyüköztürk, A. K., & Dereboy, F. (2001) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370104600110 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Haghighi, M., Khodakarami, S., Jahangard, L., Ahmadpanah, M., Bajoghli, H., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.018 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Assessing the Comparative Effectiveness of Antidepressant Therapies
Parker, G. B., Roy, K., Wilhelm, K. A., & Mitchell, P. B. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v62n0209 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Cholesterol and serotonin indices in depressed and suicidal patients
Sarchiapone, M., Camardese, G., Roy, A., Casa, S. D., Satta, M. A., Gonzalez, B., Berman, J., & Risio, S. D. (2001) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00200-1 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Kurt, E., Güler, Ö., Serteser, M., Cansel, N., Özbulut, Ö., Altınbaş, K., Alataş, G., SAVAS, H. A., & Geçici, Ö. (2007) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.08.018 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The Risk of Acute Suicidality in Psychiatric Inpatients Increases with Low Plasma Cholesterol
Papassotiropoulos, A., Hawellek, B., Frahnert, C., Rao, G. S., & Rao, M. L. (1999) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/s-2007-979181 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Relationship between depression and apolipoproteins A and B: a case–control study
Sadeghi, M., Roohafza, H., Afshar, H., Rajabi, F., Ramzani, M., Shemirani, H., & Sarrafzadegan, N. (2011) · Clinics · doi:10.1590/s1807-59322011000100020 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Low serum cholesterol levels and depressive state in human dock visitors
Terao, T., Iwata, N., Kanazawa, K., Takano, T., Takahashi, N., Hayashi, T., & Sugawara, Y. (2000) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101003231.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Depression following Myocardial Infarction: A One Year Longitudinal Study
Travella, J. I., Forrester, A. W., Schultz, S. K., & Robinson, R. G. (1994) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/u8r0-a61y-akrp-t24v · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Li, Y., Dai, Q., Ekperi, L., Dehal, A. N., & Zhang, J. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.05.012 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Ovaskainen, Y., Koponen, H., Jokelainen, J., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Kumpusalo, E., & Vanhala, M. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.12.004 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The relationship between cholesterol levels and depression in the elderly
Ergün, U. G. Ö., Uğuz, Ş., Bozdemir, N., Güzel, R., Burgut, R., Saatçı, E., & Akpınar, E. (2004) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1078 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Sidhu, V. K., Huang, B. X., & Kim, H. (2011) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr2007285 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Plasma and erythrocyte membrane long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in endogenous depression
FEHILY, A. M., Bowey, O. A. M., Ellis, F. R., Meade, B. W., & Dickerson, J. W. T. (1981) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/0197-0186(81)90047-4 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Sun, S., Yang, S., Mao, Y., Jia, X., & Zhang, Z. (2015) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-015-0020-7 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Salehi, I., Hosseini, S. M., Haghighi, M., Jahangard, L., Bajoghli, H., Gerber, M., Pühse, U., Holsboer‐Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.01.012 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Hamazaki, T., Sawazaki, S., Nagasawa, T., Nagao, Y., Kanagawa, Y., & Yazawa, K. (1999) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/bf02562226 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Lin, S., Yen, H., Chen, Y., et al. (2003) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.10431 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Peter, H., Hand, I., Hohagen, F., Koenig, A., Mindermann, O., Oeder, F., & Wittich, M. (2002) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370204700608 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Challenging Treatment-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder: A Roadmap for Improved Therapeutics
de Sousa, R. T., V. Zanetti, M., R. Brunoni, A., & Machado-Vieira, R. (2015) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x13666150630173522 · Cited by 43 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In addition to inadequacies in diagnosis, up to 30% of patients do not respond to antidepressant medication and are diagnosed as having treatment-resistant depression [11].”
BackgroundBeydoun, M. A., Kuczmarski, M. F., Beydoun, H. A., Rostant, O. S., Evans, M. K., & Zonderman, A. B. (2015) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwu334 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Bocchetta, A., Chillotti, C., Carboni, G., Oi, A., Ponti, M., & Zompo, M. D. (2001) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00374.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Oily Fish Intake and Cognitive Performance in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Atahualpa Project
Brutto, Ó. H. D., Mera, R. M., Gillman, J. A. M., Zambrano, M., & Ha, J. (2015) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-015-0070-9 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Kurano, M., Iso-O, N., Hara, M., Noiri, E., Koike, K., Kadowaki, T., & Tsukamoto, K. (2011) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.6999 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Low cholesterol level in patients with panic disorder: the association with major depression
Ağargün, M. Y., Algün, E., Şekeroğlu, R., Kara, H., & Tarakçioğlu, M. (1998) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(97)00194-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Steeds, R. P., Bickerton, D., Smith, M. J., & Muthusamy, R. (2004) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2003.013904 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Is there an association between depression and cardiovascular mortality or sudden death?
Alboni, P., Favaron, E., Paparella, N., Sciammarella, M., & Pedaci, M. (2008) · Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.2459/jcm.0b013e3282785240 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Fish consumption and resilience to depression in Japanese company workers: a cross-sectional study
Yoshikawa, E., Nishi, D., & Matsuoka, Y. (2015) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-015-0048-8 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Omega-3 fatty acids and multiple sclerosis: relationship to depression
Aupperle, R. L., Denney, D. R., LYNCH, S. G., et al. (2007) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-007-9139-y · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Changes in Plasma Cholesterol in Mood Disorder Patients: Does Treatment Make a Difference?
Gabriel, A. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.08.015 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Polyunsaturated fatty acids in depression
West, D. V., & Maes, M. H. J. (2003) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1034/j.1601-5215.2003.00004.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lim, S., & Suzuki, H. (2002) · International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research · doi:10.1024/0300-9831.72.2.77 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Serum Lipid Concentrations in Obsessive—Compulsive Disorder Patients with and without Panic Attacks
Ağargün, M. Y., Dülger, H., Inci, R., Kara, H., Özer, Ö. A., Şekeroğlu, M. R., & Beşiroğlu, L. (2004) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370404901109 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ahmadpanah, M., Haghighi, M., Jahangard, L., Borzooei, S., Heshmati, S., Bajoghli, H., Holsboer‐Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2015) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.3109/13651501.2015.1049277 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dietary fat intake and the brain: a developing frontier in biological psychiatry.
Greenwood, C. E., & Young, S. N. (2001) · PubMed Central · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Return of w3 Fatty Acids into the Food Supply
Simopoulos, A. P. (1998) · World review of nutrition and dietetics · doi:10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-00310-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Guardiola, M., Solà, R., Vallvé, J.-C., et al. (2015) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2015.08.001 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Studies on the Effect of High Doses of Irradiated and Non-irradiated Ergosterol on the Albino Rat
Hauch, J. (1934) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/8.2.163 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Biomarkers for Major Depressive Disorder: Economic Considerations
Bogavac‐Stanojević, N., & Lakić, D. (2016) · Drug Development Research · doi:10.1002/ddr.21330 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Roohafza, H., Sadeghi, M., Afshar, H., et al. (2010) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
de Freitas, J. A., Lima, L. M. P., Ranieri, J. L., et al. (2002) · Arquivos de Gastroenterologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-28032002000100011 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Setnik, B., & Nóbrega, J. N. (2004) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.01.014 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Expression of TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines in the choroid and sclera of hypercholesterolemic rabbits
Torres, R. J. D. A., Luchini, A., Barberini, L. Y., Précoma, L. B., Torres, C. L. D. A., Torres, R. A. D. A., de Noronha, L., Erbano, B. O., Casella, A., & Précoma, D. B. (2014) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia · doi:10.5935/0004-2749.20140043 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [38]De Freitas J.A. Lima L.M. Ranieri J.L. Olivieri J.C. Fragoso H.J. Chinzon D. Evaluation of efficacy, safety and tolerability rabeprazole in treatment of acid-peptic diseases Arq. Gastroenterol. 2002 39 60 65 12184168
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Peripheral Markers of Depression
Nobis, A., Zalewski, D., & Waszkiewicz, N. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9123793 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Metabolomic and inflammatory signatures of symptom dimensions in major depression
Brydges, C. R., Bhattacharyya, S., Dehkordi, S. M., Milaneschi, Y., Penninx, B., Jansen, R., Kristal, B. S., Han, X., Arnold, M., Kastenmüller, G., et al. (2022) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.003 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Lipidomics in Major Depressive Disorder
Walther, A., Cannistraci, C. V., Simons, K., Durán, C., Gerl, M. J., Wehrli, S., & Kirschbaum, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00459 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Kuwano, N., Kato, T. A., Setoyama, D., Sato-Kasai, M., Shimokawa, N., Hayakawa, K., Ohgidani, M., Sagata, N., Kubo, H., Kishimoto, J., et al. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.014 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Adaptation of Lipid Profiling in Depression Disease and Treatment: A Critical Review
Pinto, B., Conde, T., Domingues, I., & Domingues, M. R. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23042032 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“They are involved in crucial brain functions, such as membrane composition, signal transduction, biological messenger functions, neuroendocrine function, and energy reserves [15], and also contribute substantially to biological processes associated with learning and memory [17,18].”
BackgroundInfluentialPerry, B. I., Khandaker, G. M., Marwaha, S., Thompson, A., Zammit, S., Singh, S. P., & Upthegrove, R. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719000308 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Statins: Neurobiological underpinnings and mechanisms in mood disorders
Walker, A. J., Kim, Y., Borissiouk, I., Rehder, R., Dodd, S., Morris, G., Nierenberg, A. A., Maes, M., Fernandes, B. S., Dean, O. M., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.012 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The lipid paradox in neuroprogressive disorders: Causes and consequences
Morris, G., Berk, M., Walder, K., O’Neil, A., Maes, M., & Puri, B. K. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.017 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Parekh, A., Smeeth, D., Milner, Y., & Thuret, S.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Thuret, Sandrine
- Venue
- Healthcare
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2017-02-03
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5
- ISSN
- 2227-9032 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5371911
- OpenAlex
- W2585030762
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 157
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 0.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Healthcare (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Guy's and St Thomas' Charity
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, lipid biomarkers, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, atherosclerosis, peripheral biomarkers, depression diagnosis, treatment stratification, neurobiology of depression
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
