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Deconstructing atlantic intertropical convergence zone variability: influence of the local cross-equatorial sea surface temperature gradient and remote forcing from the eastern equatorial Pacific.
Abstract
We investigate causes of interannual variability in Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) convection using a monthly mean global precipitation data set spanning 1979–1999. Starting from the hypothesis of two dominant influences on the ITCZ, namely, the cross‐equatorial gradient in tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) and the anomalous Walker circulation due to the rearrangement of tropical Pacific convection associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, we analyze anomaly composites over the 1979–1999 period that best isolate the effects of each mechanism. Our results suggest that to first order, a strong anomalous Walker circulation suppresses precipitation over the tropical Atlantic, whereas an anomalous warm north/cool south SST gradient shifts the meridional location of maximum ITCZ convection anomalously north. We examined the processes underlying each of the two mechanisms. For the anomalous Walker circulation we find consistency with the idea of suppression of convection through warming of the tropical troposphere brought about by anomalous convective heating in the eastern equatorial Pacific. For the SST gradient mechanism our results confirm previous studies that link convection to cross‐equatorial winds forced by meridional SST gradients. We find that positive surface flux feedback brought about through the cross‐equatorial winds is weak and confined to the deep tropics. On the basis of the results of this and other studies we propose an expa…
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“There is robust forcing of the tropical Atlantic from the tropical Pacific on interannual and longer timescales (Enfield and Mayer, 1997;Chiang et al., 2002;Villamayor and Mohino, 2015).”
From The tropical atlantic observing system (2019) · cites this paper as Chiang et al., 2002
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Jiang, F., Zhang, W., Jin, F., & Stuecker, M. F. (2021) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2021gl096365 · Cited by 7
Veiga, S. F., Giarolla, E., Nobre, P., & Nobre, C. A. (2019) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos11010003 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Chiang, J. C. H., Kushnir, Y., & Giannini, A.
- Affiliations
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2002-01-05
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- D1
- ISSN
- 0148-0227 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2147206393
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 8.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Keywords
- Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone, interannual variability, Walker circulation, ENSO
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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